Suchergebnisse

AbstractThis article examines privatized forms of protection (himāyah ), and especially extortion, during the Circassian Mamluk period as reported in contemporary chronicles and a tract calling for administrative reform. Protection rackets were characterized by a symbiotic relationship between "protectors" and state officials. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of extortion for our understanding of the effective power of the Mamluk Sultanate during its last century of rule. Cet article examine les formes privées de protection pratiquées durant le règne des Mamelouks circassiens, en particulier l'extorsion. Ces pratiques sont rapportées par les chroniques de l'époque et par un manifeste appelant à des réformes administratives. Cette forme de "racket" se caractérisait par la relation symbiotique liant les "protecteurs" aux fonctionnaires. En conclusion, cette étude nous amène à nous interroger sur la manière dont ces pratiques d'extorsion permettent de mieux cerner le pouvoir réel au sein du sultanat mamelouk pendant le dernier siècle de son existence.

AbstractThis paper investigates the copper money system of the Late Mamluk period (1468-1517) using numismatic and textual evidence from Cairo. Numismatic evidence is associated with contemporary chronicle reports of recoinages and devaluations of the copper currency, which serves to explain how the various issues of copper money (fulūs) were issued and how they related to each other. This investigation provides evidence for the dating of one undated coin type, explains the function of the variety of types in the copper coinage, and establishes the basis for determining the monetary policy of the period and the public responses to that policy. Cet article est consacré au système monétaire de cuivre de l'époque mamelouke tardive (1468-1517), étudié à travers des sources numismatiques et des textes du Caire. La documentation numismatique est ainsi mise en relation avec des chroniques contemporaines faisant état des refrappes et des dévaluations de la monnaie de cuivre, ce qui permet d'expliquer dans quelles conditions il a été procédé aux diverses émissions de monnaie de cuivre (fulūs) et comment celles-ci sont liées les unes aux autres. Cette étude permet de dater un type monétaire non daté, explique la fonction de la variété des types au sein du monnayage de cuivre et établit les fondements servant à déterminer la politique monétaire de la période étudiée et les réactions du public à cette politique.

The rise of Mecca in the later Middle Ages : politics and historiography -- Legal contexts of maritime trade in Mecca -- Brokering power in Mecca : Mamluk seasonal domination and the rule of the sharifs, 797-824/1395-1421 -- Mamluk expansion and Meccan resistance, 824-41/1421-38 -- Forging mutual interests, 841-67/1438-63 -- Mecca as sultanate : foundations of economic power, 867-903/1463-97 -- Politics, trade, and the new dispensations in Mecca, 903-23/1497-1517 -- Conclusion: Mecca's loss of splendid isolation -- Appendix A: Comparative political periodization of the Mamluk Sultanate and the Meccan Sharifate and Amirate, 797-931/1395-1525 -- Appendix B: Geneaological charts of the sharifs, 7th-10th/13th-16th c. -- Appendix C: Maritime traffic between Jedda and Indian Ocean and Red Sea ports, 876-944/1471-1537

AbstractThe sharifs of Mecca in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries minted coins that formed the basis of the local monetary system. The Meccan dirham, debased during this period until it was reduced to a copper coin, was an expression of the monetary autonomy of the sharifs and a means of profit for the monetary authorities.

In recent years, the field of Mamluk studies has seen what may well be an amount of published scholarship unparalleled in any field of Middle East studies. Less than a decade ago, the study of the Mamluk rulers of Egypt and Syria could hardly have been called a distinct field, and it was only about four decades ago that the period was given any systematic attention at all through the pioneering efforts of David Ayalon. However, Mamluk specialists now have their own journal, the Mamluk Studies Review, with three annual volumes in print and more on the way, as well as an extensive and ever-growing Web-based bibliography, both of which are published by the University of Chicago's Middle East Documentation Center. Mamluk specialists around the world have been engaged in this work, but it was initiated by Thomas Philipp and the late Ulrich Haarmann. In December 1994, these two scholars organized a conference on Mamluk studies in Bad Homburg, Germany, and eighteen of the papers presented at that symposium have been published as The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society. The papers in this volume cover the period of the Mamluk sultanate in Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517, as well as the subsequent Ottoman period up to the rule of Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century. The richness of the sources for this period is evident in the diverse topics represented; papers dealing with political and social history are supplemented by studies in astronomy, religion, traditional culture, historiography, and urban geography. Indeed, the volume stands as a benchmark from which to view this rapidly growing field.