Suchergebnisse

Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos (DTAs) podem ser causadas por micro-organismos formadores de biofilmes que se aderem às superfícies dos equipamentos e, apesar dos procedimentos de higienização, esses não são eficazes para eliminar a contaminação. Esta breve revisão sistemática teve como objetivo identificar os principais micro-organismos formadores de biofilmes na indústria de laticínios através de uma pesquisa sistemática de literatura realizada em três bases eletrônicas de dados: ScienceDirect, PubMed e Web of Science, buscando-se estudos primários que contivessem como tema central a frequência ou prevalência dos micro-organismos formadores de biofilme na indústria de laticínios. Foram encontrados 756 isolados bacterianos nos equipamentos, no leite e seus derivados, onde os equipamentos representaram 69,31% e o leite e seus derivados 30,69% do total de micro-organismos isolados. As frequências de isolamento de bactérias foram: Bacillus 38,75%, Staphylococcus 21,56%, Listeria 12,30%, Pseudomonas 7,80%, Streptococcus 4,36%, Enterococcus 2,11%, e Acinetobacter com 1,71%. Além desses micro-organismos constatou se que em torno de 11,41% pertenciam aos mais variados gêneros de micro-organismos. Observou-se que a indústria de laticínios apresenta uma grande diversidade de contaminantes formadores de biofilmes multi espécies, tanto nas superfícies dos equipamentos como também no leite e seus derivados, sendo os gêneros Bacillus e Staphylococcus os que obtiveram o maior número no total, tanto nos equipamentos como em leite e derivados. Esses resultados demonstram a necessidade de estratégias de prevenção e conhecimento de novas técnicas e alternativas à cerca dos procedimentos de limpeza e higienização que eliminem esses agentes, pois de acordo com os dados apresentados nesta revisão muitos eram patogênicos.

Palavras chaves: Bactérias. Leite. Segurança Alimentar.

Abstract
Foodborne Diseases can be caused by biofilm-forming microorganisms that adhere to equipment surfaces and, despite hygiene procedures, they are not effective in eliminating contamination. This brief systematic review aimed to identify the main biofilm-forming microorganisms in the dairy industry through a systematic literature search conducted in three electronic databases: ScienceDirect, PubMed and Web of Science, seeking primary studies that contained the central theme is the frequency or prevalence of biofilm-forming microorganisms in the dairy industry. A total of 779 bacterial isolates were found in the equipment, in milk and its derivatives, and the equipment represented 69.57% and milk and its derivatives 30.69% of the total of isolated microorganisms. The frequencies of isolated bacteria were as follows: Bacillus 37.61%, Staphylococcus 21.05%, Listeria 11.93%, Pseudomonas 7.57%, Streptococcus 4.23%, Enterococcus 2.05%, and Acinetobacter with 1.66%. In addition to these microorganisms, it was found that about 11.41% belonged to the most varied genera of microorganisms. It was observed that the dairy industry has a great diversity of contaminants forming biofilms multi species, both on the surfaces of equipment and also in milk and its derivatives, with the genera Bacillus and Staphylococcus being the ones that obtained the highest number in total, both in equipment such as milk and dairy products. These results demonstrate the need for prevention strategies and knowledge of new techniques and alternatives to the cleaning and sanitation procedures that eliminate these agents, because according to the data presented in this review, many were pathogenic.

Keywords: Bacterium. Milk. Food Safety.

Seropositivity and risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, and leptospirosis were investigated in 200 dogs and twenty-three owners in a municipality with a history of human cases of visceral leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis in the region of Sertão, Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil. In dogs, frequencies of 6% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.7-9.3%), 7.5% (95% CI = 3.8-11.2%), 18% (95% CI = 12.7-23.3%), and 14% (95% CI = 9.2-18.8%) were found for visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, and leptospirosis, respectively. An age of over 72 months and environment conditions (soil) were identified as risk factors for Leishmania chagasi infection. Free housing was identified as risk factor for Trypanosoma cruzi infection. For toxoplasmosis, free housing and contact with cats were found to be risk factors, while commercial food was a risk factor for leptospirosis. Of the twenty-three owners who agreed to participate in the study, eight were tested for leishmaniasis, three for Chagas disease, nine for toxoplasmosis, eleven for leptospirosis, and five were tested for more than one disease. Only anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were found in the human population at a frequency of 44.4% (4/9); for all other diseases, all individuals were negative. The results indicate that such zoonoses are present in dogs from the studied region, but only toxoplasmosis was found in the owners. Our risk analysis suggests that cleaner soil, better storage of dog food, and avoiding free housing can reduce the risk of infection by these diseases.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi infections in dogs presented at veterinary clinics in the city of João Pessoa, Paraíba state, northeastern Brazil. A total of 384 dogs from 34 veterinary clinics were sampled between April 2015 and May 2016. For serological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, the indirect fluorescent antibody test was used. Reactive sera were submitted to a confirmatory test using the S7 ELISA. The seroprevalence of Leishmania spp. was 2.8% (11/384), and that of T. cruzi was 1.5% (6/384). Two animals were positive for both parasites. The variable "access to the street" was identified as a risk factor for Leishmania spp. infection (OR = 4.81; 95% CI = 1.23–18.75). We concluded that a significant proportion of dogs presented at veterinary clinics in João Pessoa are seropositive for Leishmania spp. or T. cruzi infections, and we suggest that greater care be taken with dogs that have access to the street.