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Williams demonstrates the vulnerability of parent workers in working class America. In Chapter 2, "One Sick Child Away from Being Fired," she examines the records of ninety-nine union arbitrations to analyze the problems of working class parents who struggle to juggle their working and parenting responsibilities. Because this chapter is a tour de force in an overall excellent book, and because it suggests an area that my research has focused on over the past number of years, in this Essay, I limit my discussion almost exclusively to this chapter. My approach is to use masculinities theory, a body of social science scholarship, to analyze Williams's study. Masculinities theory supports and reinforces Williams's conclusions and points toward a number of recommendations for addressing the problems of gender norms in the workplace. Part II describes masculinities scholarship. Part III analyzes the ninety-nine arbitrations studied by Williams using the lens of masculinities theory. Part IV considers cultural gender norms and makes a number of recommendations. The recommendations include the following: (1) further research; (2) union organizing around and bargaining about flexible scheduling for workers; (3) amendment of existing legislation and passage of new legislation that grants more comprehensive family leave, prohibits discrimination based on family care responsibilities, and grants employees reasonable accommodations; and (4) education about gender roles, caregiving, and social change. The Essay concludes that a combination of improved research, legal actions, and societal change should improve the working and living conditions of all types of families. While not all of these measures will happen instantaneously, working toward these changes is vital to ensuring a healthy economy, healthy citizens, and healthy families.

Introduction / Ann C. McGinley and Nicole Buonocore Porter -- Supreme Court and Gender Narratives : Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa , 539 U.S. 90 (2003) / Commentary: Naomi M. Mann, Judgment: Anne Mullins -- Pregnancy Discrimination : Int'l Union, UAW v. Johnson Controls, 499 U.S. 187 (1991) / Commentary: Wynter Allen, Judgment: Marcia McCormick ; Young v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 135 S.Ct. 1338 (2015) / Commentary: Bradley Areheart, Judgment: Deborah Widiss - Appearances : Intersectional Approaches : Jespersen v. Harrah's Operating Co ., 444 F.3d 1104 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc) / Commentary: Roxanna Bell, Authors of Rewritten Opinion: Angela Onwuachi-Willig and JoAnne Sweeney ; E.E.O.C. v. Catastrophe Management Solutions , 852 F. 3d 1018 (11th Cir. 2016) / Commentary: Jaspir (Jesse) Bawa, Judgment: D. Wendy Greene ; Webb v. City of Philadelphia , 562 F.3d 256 (3d Cir. 2009) / Commentary: Sahar Aziz, Judgment: Valorie Vojdik -- Harassment Because of Sex : Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57 (1986) / Author of (New) Commentary: Trina Jones, Author of (Reproduced) Rewritten Opinion: Angela Onwuachi-Willig ; Oncale v. Sundowner Services , 523 U.S. 75 (1998) / Author of (New) Commentary: Nancy E. Dowd, Author of (Reproduced) Rewritten Opinion: Ann C. McGinley -- Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination as Sex Discrimination : Etsitty v. Utah Transit Authority , 502 F.3d 1215 (10th Cir. 2007) / Commentary: Pamela Wilkins, Judgment: Catherine Archibald ; Hively v. Ivy Tech Community College , 853 F.3d 339 (7th Cir. 2017) (en banc) / Commentary: Danielle D. Weatherby, Judgment: Ryan H. Nelson -- Systemic Claims and Gender : Proving Disparate Treatment and Impact : AFSCME v. State of Washington , 770 F.2d 1401 (9th Cir. 1985) / Commentary: Stephanie Bornstein, Judgment: Teresa Godwin Phelps ; E.E.O.C. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co ., 839 F.2d 302 (7th Cir. 1988) / Commentary: Maria Ontiveros, Judgment: Leticia Saucedo ; Ricci v. DeStefano , 557 U.S. 557 (2009) / Commentary: Rebecca K. Lee, Judgment: Marley Weiss ; Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes , 564 U.S. 338 (2011) / Commentary: Charles Sullivan, Judgment: Tristin Green -- Retaliation : Clark County School District v. Breeden , 532 U.S. 268 (2001) / Commentary: Rebecca Hanner White, Judgment: Michael Z. Green.

How would feminist perspectives and analytical methods change the interpretation of employment discrimination law? Would the conscious use of feminist perspectives make a difference? This volume shows the difference feminist analysis can make to the interpretation of employment discrimination statutes. This book brings together a group of scholars and lawyers to rewrite fifteen employment discrimination decisions in which a feminist analysis would have changed the outcome or the courts' reasoning. It demonstrates that use of feminist perspectives and methodologies, if adopted by the courts, would have made a significant difference in employment discrimination law, leading to a fairer and more egalitarian workplace, and a more prosperous society.

According to masculinities theory, masculinity is not a biological imperative but a social construction. Men engage in a constant struggle with other men to prove their masculinity. Masculinities and the Law develops a multidimensional approach. It sees categories of identity—including various forms of raced, classed, and sex-oriented masculinities—as operating simultaneously and creating different effects in different contexts.By applying multidimensional masculinities theory to law, this cutting-edge collection both expands the field of masculinities and develops new thinking about important issues in feminist and critical race theories. The topics covered include how norms of masculinity influence the behavior of policemen, firefighters, and international soldiers on television and in the real world; employment discrimination against masculine cocktail waitresses and all transgendered employees; the legal treatment of fathers in the U.S. and the ways unauthorized migrant fathers use the dangers of border crossing to boost their masculine esteem; how Title IX fails to curtail the masculinity of sport; the racist assumptions behind the prison rape debate; the surprising roots of homophobia in Jamaican dancehall music; and the contradictions of the legal debate over women veiling in Turkey. Ultimately, the book argues that multidimensional masculinities theory can change how law is interpreted and applied