Suchergebnisse

Preparation of nanoparticles is one of the important ways to increase the biological effectiveness of materials. There are several methods to prepare the polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) nanoparticles. Here, a new method is used based on exposing PHB to ultrasound waves under variable pH conditions. In the present study, PHB was added to distilled water and pH was adjusted to 4 by HCl (1 N). The suspension was exposed to ultrasound waves at 4500 kh for 25 seconds. Then, pH was readjusted to 10 by NaoH (1N) and the mixture was incubated for 2 h at 21 oC. Finally, the pH was adjusted to 7 by HCl (1 N) and the mixture was incubated at 21 oC for 18 h. The characterization of the prepared nanoparticles was achieved by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated the formation of nanoparticles, especially after examinations by SEM and AFM, which showed that the diameter of particles was between 22.9 and 73.95. The present study confirmed that the method of exposing PHB to gradient pH and high levels of ultrasonic waves could produce PHB nanoparticles.

This unique book provides an assessment of an Indian-EU agreement, drawing on the theory of preferential agreements, the history of India-European relations and the recent refocusing of the Indian economy. The authors explore both a broad overview of the agreement as well as a detailed examination of sensitive sectors.

Advancing peace and conflict studies into a quantitative science requires advanced mathematical methods and concepts. Lim, Metzler and Bar-Yam (2007, "LMB") provide a wavelet based method for predicting the location of violence in a country based upon the hypothesis that well mixed or well separated groups do not engage in violence, but intermediate sized groups without clear boundaries between them do. Wiedmann and Toft (2010, "WT") consider the remarkable quantitative success of LMB and question whether the methods used correctly evaluate their effectiveness. Here we provide some additional tests to address questions raised by WT. We confirm the quantitative success of LMB. Moreover, despite claiming to criticize LMB's policy implications that suggest the separation of groups as a method of promoting peace, WT affirm that homogenous populations are not susceptible to violence. WT's statement itself could be used to motivate a policy of separation. In contrast, LMB provide scientific precision that can guide policy makers in a choice of policy options in terms of geographical distributions and political boundaries, or the alternative of promoting the mixing of ethnic populations. Here we point to additional scientific support for the key policy implications.

"Regional trade agreements proliferated in Africa in the wake of independence from colonial rule. For the most part these agreements failed to deliver the regional integration and economic benefits that were promised, and amounted to little more than a propaganda coup for the leaders that signed them. This book explores conventional explanations of the failure of these agreements, and challenges the accepted wisdom, highlighting the symbiotic relationship between "Big Man" politics and crony capitalism. The rise of second generation regional trade agreements in the first decade of the twenty-first century emphasises the pressing need for a revised assessment of the aims, consequences and scope of these agreements. This book focuses on the revitalized East African Community to examine the potential benefits of modern agreements to foster economic development and the hurdles that must be overcome to realize this potential"--

Utilising data drawn from a study of a social service organisation, this article aims to understand the relationship between the rationale of organisational transformations and the professional status of social workers. It contains an examination of the original aims of Community Care legislation, its translation by management into processes of re-structuring and alterations in job specification, as well as the perspectives of those at the front-line of the organisation. This enables a theoretical consideration of organisational transformation and power and their relationship to the identity of social workers.

This Palgrave Pivot investigates barriers to international agricultural trade caused by a lack of standardized maximum residue levels (MRL) for pesticides. As upwards of ninety percent of the food entering international supply chains will show pesticide residues, this issue poses a serious threat to global food security. Given the preponderance of pesticide use in food production and the increasing disruptions to trade, a better understanding of the reasons for the decline in international cooperation, the trade impacts, and potential solutions is critical. This volume will contribute to that understanding. Through an analysis of the economics of MRL regulatory harmonization, select case studies, and a look at incentives and disincentives for government agencies and regulators, the authors move the conversation beyond the theoretical, and into current practices and advice for creating workable solutions. This Pivot is a valuable resource for those concerned with food security, trade policy, agricultural production and export supply chains, as well as those interested in broader issues related to science policy and societal trends.--

This Palgrave Pivot investigates barriers to international agricultural trade caused by a lack of standardized maximum residue levels (MRL) for pesticides. As upwards of ninety percent of the food entering international supply chains will show pesticide residues, this issue poses a serious threat to global food security. Given the preponderance of pesticide use in food production and the increasing disruptions to trade, a better understanding of the reasons for the decline in international cooperation, the trade impacts, and potential solutions is critical. This volume will contribute to that understanding. Through an analysis of the economics of MRL regulatory harmonization, select case studies, and a look at incentives and disincentives for government agencies and regulators, the authors move the conversation beyond the theoretical, and into current practices and advice for creating workable solutions. This Pivot is a valuable resource for those concerned with food security, trade policy, agricultural production and export supply chains, as well as those interested in broader issues related to science policy and societal trends.--