Suchergebnisse

Creada en 1941 para coordinar la acción de los comunistas españoles en los países invadidos por los nazis, caso de Francia, o bajo el franquismo, Radio España Independiente (REI) jugó un papel destacado tanto en la orientación política de los núcleos de militantes existentes como en la formación y desarrollo del movimiento guerrillero español en estos dos países. Todo ello inicialmente en el marco de una estrategia de defensa de la URSS, «patria del socialismo», tras su invasión por los ejércitos alemanes. Established in 1941 to coordinate the action of the Spanish Communists in the countries invaded by the Nazis, as France, or under Franco, Independent Spain Radio (REI) played an important role both in the political orientation of existing nuclei of militants and in the training and development of the Spanish guerrilla movement in these two countries. All this at the beginning within the framework of a strategy to defend the USSR, «homeland of socialism,» after its invasion by German armies.

LA abundancia de restos arquitectónicos de carácter castrense que aún se conservan en nuestra geografía, la mayor parte de ellos erigidos durante la Edad Media, ponen de manifiesto la dificultad que el hombre ha encontrado siempre para convivir pacíficamente y la cantidad de grandes y pequeños problemas que han presidido constantemente el desarrollo de la historia. La época en la que se centra nuestra exposición fue especialmente densa en acontecimientos de esta índole, raramente resueltos por vía diplomática; se registran acciones de reconquista, enfrentamientos civiles, problemas de unidad nacional y conflictos internacionales, donde generalmente hubo que recurrir al uso de la fuerza.

Indice. ; Copia digital : Diputación de Málaga. Biblioteca Canovas del Castillo, 2015

Análisis descriptivo y documental de la capilla del comendador de Piedrabuena en el convento de San Benito (Alcántara, Cáceres), construida en el siglo XVI. ; Descriptive and documentary analysis of Piedrabuena Commander's Chapel in the convent of San Benito (Alcántara, Cáceres), built in the 16th century. ; peerReviewed

En el artículo se estudian los sistemas y recursos empleados para atacar y defender castillos y plazas fuertes a lo largo de la Edad Media como forma de conocer y justificar la evolución de la arquitectura militar desde el siglo XV, utilizando como fuente documental el Códex latino 197, de Munich. ; The article studies the systems and resources used to attack and defend castles and strongholds throughout the Middle Ages as a way to know and justify the evolution of military architecture since the fifteenth century, using as a documentary source the Latin Codex 197, from Munich. ; peerReviewed

Edificación y estado actual de las Casas de La Encomienda de Zarza La Mayor. ; Building and current state of the Houses of La Encomienda de Zarza La Mayor.

El enclave militar de Alcántara vuelve a ser estratégico en el siglo XVII con motivo de la Guerra de Restauración entre España y Portugal. Con el objetivo de defender dicha plaza se le-vantará una nueva línea de muralla y se construirán destacados baluartes, como el de San Antón, Paniagua, Los Clérigos, el del Rollo o el fuerte de San Marcos. Su importancia como punto logístico será decisiva para su dotación y desarrollo. ; Alcántara recovered its strategic importance in the seventeenth century as a result of the Restoration War between Spain and Portugal. In order to defend this military position, a new bulwark line and some prominent bastions, such as the ones known as San Antón, Paniagua, Los Clérigos, Rollo or San Marcos, were built. Its logistics importance was decisive for its provision and development. ; peerReviewed

Se estudia la construcción del castillo de Trevejo, considerado tanto por su emplazamiento como por su construcción como una fortificación medieval. Situado en lo alto de un risco, dominando un amplio territorio, dotado de recintos envolventes en torno a la torre del homenaje y con acceso a través de un puente levadizo. Pero fue incluido en el siglo XVIII como una fortaleza abaluartada en la frontera con Portugal, en diversas fuentes escritas y cartográficas. Actualmente muy deteriorada, responde a las características constructivas de finales del siglo XV, a la cual se le han introducido grandes reformas y añadidos más favorables para la defensa. Gracias a los estudios de los planos militares del siglo XVIII se pone de manifiesto la reutilización de dichos emplazamientos medievales que habían perdido su potencial estratégico. ; The construction of Trevejo Castle is studied, considered both for its location and for its construction as a medieval fortification. It located on the top of a cliff, dominating a wide territory, endowed with enclosures encircling the tower of the homage and with access through a drawbridge. But it was included in the eighteenth century as a bastioned fortress on the border with Portugal, in various written and cartographic sources. Currently very deteriorated, responds to the constructive characteristics of the late fifteenth century, which has been introduced major reforms and additions more favorable for defense. Thanks to the studies of the military plans of the 18th century, the re-use of these medieval sites that had lost their strategic potential is evident. ; peerReviewed

In finishing processes, the quality of aluminum parts is mostly influenced by static and dynamic phenomena. Different solutions have been studied toward a stable milling process attainment. However, the improvements obtained with the tuning of process parameters are limited by the system stiffness and external dampers devices interfere with the machining process. To deal with this challenge, this work analyzes the suitability of elastomer layers as passive damping elements directly located under the part to be machined. Thus, exploiting the sealing properties of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), a suitable flexible vacuum fixture is developed, enabling a proper implementation in the manufacturing process. Two different compounds are characterized under axial compression and under finishing operations. The compression tests present the effect of the feed rate and the strain accumulative effect in the fixture compressive behavior. Despite the higher strain variability of the softer rubber, different milling process parameters, such as the tool feed rate, can lead to a similar compressive behavior of the fixture regardless the elastomer hardness. On the other hand, the characterization of these flexible fixtures is completed over AA2024 floor milling of rigid parts and compared with the use of a rigid part clamping. These results show that, as the cutting speed and the feed rate increases, due to the strain evolution of the rubber, the part quality obtained tend to equalize between the flexible and the rigid clamping of the workpiece. Due to the versatility of the NBR for clamping different part geometries without new fixture redesigns, this leads to a competitive advantage of these flexible solutions against the classic rigid vacuum fixtures. Finally, a model to predict the grooving forces with a bull-nose end mill regardless of the stiffness of the part support is proposed and validated for the working range. ; This research was funded by Basque Government (Eusko Jaurlaritza) under the ELKARTEK Program, SMAR3NAK project, grant number KK-2019/00051.

Fixtures are a critical element in machining operations as they are the interface between the part and the machine. These components are responsible for the precise part location on the machine table and for the proper dynamic stability maintenance during the manufacturing operations. Although these two features are deeply related, they are usually studied separately. On the one hand, diverse adaptable solutions have been developed for the clamping of different variable geometries. Parallelly, the stability of the part has been long studied to reduce the forced vibration and the chatter effects, especially on thin parts machining operations typically performed in the aeronautic field, such as the skin panels milling. The present work proposes a commitment between both features by the presentation of an innovative vacuum fixture based on the use of a vulcanized rubber layer. This solution presents high flexibility as it can be adapted to different geometries while providing a proper damping capacity due to the viscoelastic and elastoplastic behaviour of these compounds. Moreover, the sealing properties of these elastomers provide the perfect combination to transform a rubber layer into a flexible vacuum table. Therefore, in order to validate the suitability of this fixture, a test bench is manufactured and tested under uniaxial compression loads and under real finish milling conditions over AA2024 part samples. Finally, a roughness model is proposed and analysed in order to characterize the part vibration sources. ; Financial support from the Basque Government under theELKARTEK Program (SMAR3NAK project, grant numberKK-2019/00051) is gratefully acknowledged by the authors.

En este artículo se analizan las características tipológicas de las iglesias parroquiales de Almendral, Feria, Salvatierra de los Barros, Villalba de los Barros, Torre de Miguel Sesmero y Santa Marta de los Barros, pertenecientes en su día al Señorío de Feria. La vida de este condado se inicia cuando en el año 1394 el Maestre de la Orden de Santiago, Lorenzo Suárez de Figueroa, consigue que el rey Enrique III done a su hijo Gomes Suárez, las villas de Zafra, Feria y La Parra, que hasta entonces eran aldeas del Concejo de la ciudad de Badajoz. El desarrollo del condado y su potenciación como entidad política y jurídica interesó siempre a los monarcas y a las órdenes militares, sobre todo a la de Santiago, ya que por su propio bien el Señorío de Feria se encargaba de defender la frontera portuguesa. Los sucesivos titulares del condado van incrementando, sobre todo por compras en los siglos XV y XVI, el número de villas y lugares que lo conforman hasta conseguir un pequeño estado compuesto por catorce núcleos. Su jurisdicción se extendió sobre más de 100.000 Has. y 20.000 vasallos, constituyendo la segunda fuerza militar de la actual provincia de Badajoz, después de la Orden de Santiago. Las relaciones con la Iglesia, sobre todo con el Obispado de Badajoz, fueron potenciadas por distintos señores de Feria, manteniendo contactos positivos con la autoridad eclesiástica. Fruto de esas buenas relaciones puede considerarse el interés demostrado por la Casa de Feria hacia la arquitectura de los templos de sus villas, conventos, fundaciones, etc. La prosperidad del siglo XVI va a permitir que muchas iglesias se amplíen y restauren, como ocurre también en los territorios de las órdenes militares, conservándose de la etapa anterior varias capillas mayores de algunas iglesias. ; In this paper we analyze the typological characteristics of the parish churches of Almendral, Feria, Salvatierra de los Barros, Villalba de los Barros, Torre de Miguel Sesmero and Santa Marta de los Barros, which belonged to the Lordship of Feria Feria. The growth of this county began when, in 1394, the Master of the Order of Santiago, Lorenzo Suárez de Figueroa, got King Enrique III to give his son Gomes Suárez, the villages of Zafra, Feria and La Parra, which then they were villages of the Council of the city of Badajoz. The development of the county and its empowerment as a political and legal entity always interested monarchs and military orders, especially the one of Santiago, since for its own sake the Lordship of Feria was in charge of defending the Portuguese border. The successive holders of the county are increasing, especially for purchases in the 15th and 16th centuries, the number of villas and places that make up to get a small state composed of fourteen cores. Its jurisdiction extended over more than 100,000 hectares and 20,000 vassals, constituting the second military force of the current province of Badajoz, after the Order of Santiago. Relations with the Church, especially with the Bishopric of Badajoz, were promoted by different lords of Feria, maintaining positive contacts with the ecclesiastical authority. The result of these good relations can be considered the interest shown by the House of Feria towards the architecture of the temples of its villas, convents, foundations, etc. The prosperity of the 16th century will allow many churches to expand and restore, as is also the case in the territories of the military orders, while several major chapels of some churches are preserved from the previous stage. ; peerReviewed

Nowadays, halal meat is attracting consumers as a healthier product. However, little is known about its nutritional content and possible health effects. A comparative analysis of the protein and amino acid contents between halal and non-halal meats (beef and lamb) was carried out in the present work. Additionally, a pilot study was also simultaneously performed to analyse the impact of their consumption on sleep/wake cycles and mood state profile in general population. Participants (n = 25) were asked to exclusively consume halal meats (1,000 g of gross weight/week) for 30 days. Objective and subjective sleep qualities, mood state profile, and levels of the urinary metabolites of serotonin and melatonin were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Significantly higher contents of proteins and some amino acids were observed in halal-lamb and halal-beef, respectively. The consumption of halal meats for 30 days caused a slight improvement in men's diurnal activity and mood state profile, as well as in women's subjective sleep quality. Significantly higher urine levels of serotonin were also reported, particularly in men. Halal meat consumption seems to have a positive impact on sleep/wake cycles and mood state profile, likely due to the higher protein and amino acid contents. Additional scientific research is needed to support consumer trends in the coming years.

The incipient implementation of the Industry 4.0 paradigm has led to an increase in the machines sensoring level, in the processes optimization and, thus, in the product manufacturing with a higher added value. In this article a new aspect is described where, through the machine monitoring, the utilization of innovative elements as fixture is enabled for high quality machining processes. These innovative elements are characterized by the great flexibility offered by them as holding component and by their low costs. However, these elements lack the enough geometrical accuracy for applications where a high shape and surface quality product are needed. First of all, in order to have a clear vision of the singularities of each fixture type present on the state of the art, a nomenclature and a classification has been proposed based on their geometry characteristics. Hence, based on this classification, an analysis of the different fixturing solutions provided by the market has been made, enhancing the advantages of this solution against the existing ones. With the aim of demonstrating its suitability for certain machining applications, the behavior of these sort of flexible materials has been characterized. Besides, the sensors implementation has been analyzed in order to capacitate this solution for processes where tough tolerances on parts are demanded. Therefore, this survey demonstrates that, through the massive information gathering, not only an optimization of the existing technologies is obtained, but it is possible to develop innovative solutions that provide improved capacities to the already existing ones in the Industry. ; Financial support from the Basque Government under the ELKARTEK Program (AERO3NAK project, grant number KK-2017/00033) is gratefully acknowledged by the authors.