Hacia una reconsideracion de la historia del periodismo en Mexico
In: Revista mexicana de ciencias políticas y sociales, Band 36, Heft 139, S. 31
ISSN: 0185-1918
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In: Revista mexicana de ciencias políticas y sociales, Band 36, Heft 139, S. 31
ISSN: 0185-1918
In: Leviatán: revista de hechos e ideas, Heft 69, S. 85-104
ISSN: 0210-6337
In: The public opinion quarterly: POQ, Band 14, Heft 1, S. 111
ISSN: 1537-5331
In: Public opinion quarterly: journal of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Band 14, S. 111-125
ISSN: 0033-362X
In: Statistical papers, Band 65, Heft 1, S. 263-290
ISSN: 1613-9798
We investigate whether the degree to which a bilateral investment treaty (BIT) protects against expropriation (i.e., its "stringency") influences the international strategy of multinational enterprises (MNEs) as they invest in countries with varying levels of political instability. We draw on institutional logic and insights from political economics to hypothesize that BIT stringency will moderate the established positive relationship between host country political instability and minority ownership. Analysis of a sample of 289 foreign investments made by AEX-listed Dutch MNEs in 34 countries between 2004 and 2013 provides support: a more stringent BIT will encourage the MNE to choose a majority stake as political instability rises. Robustness tests provide further support for our argument. The results have both managerial and policy implications relating to the role that BIT stringency plays in determining MNE strategy.
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The purpose of the present paper is to investigate whether Spain's accession to the European Union in 1986 caused a structural break in the allocation of total supplies of manufactures over domestic and foreign supplies. To that end we use the homogeneity-constrained Almost Ideal Demand System to specify the long-run equilibrium relationships between the shares in total supplies and total real demand and relative prices and a first-order error correction mechanism in order to describe the adjustment process to equilibrium. Using a formal statistical test, it turns out that a structural break actually occurred and led to a rather sharp decrease in the share of Spain and an increase in the shares of the other members of the European Union.
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PROCEEDINGS, GEOFLUIDS VII ¿ International Conference IFP Energies nouvelles, Rueil-Malmaison (France), June 6-8, 2012 ; The Vilobí Gypsum Unit (upper Burdigalian) is located in the Penedès Half-graben (northeast of the Iberian Peninsula). This unit consists of a succession of secondary (predominant, coming from hydration of anhydrite) and primary (limited to the top interval) laminated-to-banded gypsum and laminated lutites-carbonates. This succession is affected by 5 fractures sets due to the fragile deformation related to the Neogene extensional stages recorded in the region. These fragile structures are partly or totally cemented by four gypsum cements types (fibrous, millimetrical crystals, aligned and macrocrystalline gypsum), resulting from fluid circulation along the fractures. A successive isotopic enrichment (¿34SVCDT, ¿18OVSMOW) from the host-gypsum rocks and the different fracture infillings is evidenced, thus suggesting chemical recycling processes. The strontium ratios of gypsum cements suggest higher fluid interaction during the macrocrystalline cements precipitation, with respect to the fibrous infillings. ; Financial support by the I+D+I Spanish Government research projects CGL2010-18260, CGL2009-11096 and Grup Consolidat de Recerca "Geologia Sedimentària" (2009 SGR-1458).
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BACKGROUND: Orphan drugs (ODs) are designed to treat rare diseases (RD), which are those affecting a small number of people (prevalence <1/2000 inhabitants). PURPOSE: To assess the economic impact of drugs used to treat RD in a hospital outpatient paediatric pharmacy (HOPP) and a paediatric day hospital (PDH). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, retrospective, transversal study conducted at a third-level maternal and child University Hospital during 2016. All paediatric patients(<18 years' old) were included, as well as adults with cystic fibrosis. Chemotherapy treatments administered in the Oncology Day Hospital were excluded. Pharmaceutical drug, active ingredient, number of packages, real unit cost, consumption data, medical service and treating unit were collected from pharmacy-dispensing software(Silicon(®)) The Orphanet(®) database was used to classify the drugs in ODs (recognised as orphan by the European Union or abroad) or drugs without orphan designation. RESULTS: Four hundred and ten drugs were identified to treat RD and 51 (12.4%) were ODs: 42 were dispensed in the HOPP and nine were administered in the PDH. There were 2442 patients who received at least one drug to treat RD: 2044 from the HOPP and 562 from the PDH (164 patients received treatment in both settings) Of all patients, 441 (18.1%) received at least one OD: 420 (20.5%) in the HOPP and 23 (4.1%) in the PDH (two patients in both). Drugs used to treat RDs accounted for €7.7 million: €3.8 million in the HOPP and €3.9 million in the PDH. OD cost represented 36.3% of the total pharmaceutical expenditure in drugs at the HOPP and 71% at the PDH. Bosentan, adalimumab, ivacaftor, ataluren and sildenafil were the five drugs with the greatest economic impact in the HOP budget and eculizumab, idursulfase, elosulfase, galsulfase and velaglucerase in the PDH budget. CONCLUSION: Pharmacological treatment with ODs has a great impact on direct medical costs, involving more than 50% of total pharmaceutical expenditure. Although it is more common in ...
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Seventy four Reference Sites of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP on AHA) have been recognised by the European Commission in 2016 for their commitment to excellence in investing and scaling up innovative solutions for active and healthy ageing. The Reference Site Collaborative Network (RSCN) brings together the EIP on AHA Reference Sites awarded by the European Commission, and Candidate Reference Sites into a single forum. The overarching goals are to promote cooperation, share and transfer good practice and solutions in the development and scaling up of health and care strategies, policies and service delivery models, while at the same time supporting the action groups in their work. The RSCN aspires to be recognized by the EU Commission as the principal forum and authority representing all EIP on AHA Reference Sites. The RSCN will contribute to achieve the goals of the EIP on AHA by improving health and care outcomes for citizens across Europe, and the development of sustainable economic growth and the creation of jobs.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine hospital services globally. This study estimated the total number of adult elective operations that would be cancelled worldwide during the 12 weeks of peak disruption due to COVID-19. Methods: A global expert response study was conducted to elicit projections for the proportion of elective surgery that would be cancelled or postponed during the 12 weeks of peak disruption. A Bayesian β-regression model was used to estimate 12-week cancellation rates for 190 countries. Elective surgical case-mix data, stratified by specialty and indication (surgery for cancer versus benign disease), were determined. This case mix was applied to country-level surgical volumes. The 12-week cancellation rates were then applied to these figures to calculate the total number of cancelled operations. Results: The best estimate was that 28 404 603 operations would be cancelled or postponed during the peak 12 weeks of disruption due to COVID-19 (2 367 050 operations per week). Most would be operations for benign disease (90·2 per cent, 25 638 922 of 28 404 603). The overall 12-week cancellation rate would be 72·3 per cent. Globally, 81·7 per cent of operations for benign conditions (25 638 922 of 31 378 062), 37·7 per cent of cancer operations (2 324 070 of 6 162 311) and 25·4 per cent of elective caesarean sections (441 611 of 1 735 483) would be cancelled or postponed. If countries increased their normal surgical volume by 20 per cent after the pandemic, it would take a median of 45 weeks to clear the backlog of operations resulting from COVID-19 disruption. Conclusion: A very large number of operations will be cancelled or postponed owing to disruption caused by COVID-19. Governments should mitigate against this major burden on patients by developing recovery plans and implementing strategies to restore surgical activity safely.
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