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Speech made by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of New Zealand to the Wellington Rotary Club on 18 May 1989. He discusses New Zealand's relations with Australia, New Zealand's defence policy and its co-operation with Australia regarding defence issues, New Zealand's South Pacific role and its need to work with Australia in this region among other topics. (DÜI-Sen)

This paper was accepted for publication in the journal International Journal of the Digital Human and the definitive published version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJDH.2016.077408. ; This paper aims to provide a retrospective of the use of a digital human modelling tool (SAMMIE) that was perhaps the first usable tool and is still active today. Relationships between digital human modelling and inclusive design, engineering design and ergonomics practice are discussed using examples from design studies using SAMMIE and government-funded research. Important issues such as accuracy of representation and handling multivariate rather than univariate evaluations are discussed together with methods of use in terms of defining end product users and tasks. Consideration is given to the use of the digital human modelling approach by non-ergonomists particularly with respect to understanding of the impact of human variability, jurisdiction and communication issues.

This is a conference paper. ; The market for Rehabilitation and Assistive Technology (RT/AT) products is expanding. Between ten and seventeen percent of the population of European Union are documented as disabled. Many companies perceive the market to be to fragmented to invest in large batch or flow production methods.

(...) 3. Sahlins, M.: On the anthropology of modernity; or, some triumphs of culture over despondency theory. 4. Fairbairn-Dunlop, P.: Gender, culture and sustainable development. The Pacific way. 5. Meleisea, M.: Governance, development and leadership in Polynesia. A microstudy from Samoa. 6. Kabutaulaka, T. T.: Rumble in the jungle. Land, culture and (un)sustainable logging in Solomon Islands. 7. Burton, J.: Knowing about culture. The handling of social issues at resource projects in Papua New Guinea. 8. Muller, Ph.: Culture and sustainable marine resource development in the Pacific. 9. Veitayaki, J.: Fisheries resource-use culture in Fiji and its implications. (...) 11. Norton, R.: A paradox of tradition in a modernising society. Chiefs and political development in Fiji. 12. Jones, Sh.: Development and Maori society. Engelhardt, R. A.: Culturally and ecologically sustainable tourism development through local community management. 13. Tuinabua, L. V.: Tourism and culture. (...)

This paper was accepted for publication in the journal Applied Ergonomics and the definitive published version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.10.013. ; The aim of the study is to understand the nature of blind spots in the vision of drivers of Large Goods Vehicles caused by vehicle design variables such as the driver eye height, and mirror designs. The study was informed by the processing of UK national accident data using cluster analysis to establish if vehicle blind spots contribute to accidents. In order to establish the cause and nature of blind spots six top selling trucks in the UK, with a range of sizes were digitized and imported into the SAMMIE Digital Human Modelling (DHM) system. A novel CAD based vision projection technique, which has been validated in a laboratory study, allowed multiple mirror and window aperture projections to be created, resulting in the identification and quantification of a key blind spot. The identified blind spot was demonstrated to have the potential to be associated with the scenarios that were identified in the accident data. The project led to the revision of UNECE Regulation 46 that defines mirror coverage in the European Union, with new vehicle registrations in Europe being required to meet the amended standard after June of 2015.

This paper was presented at the 6th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics AHFE 2015 and the Affiliated Conferences, Caesar's Palace, Las Vegas, USA and published in Procedia Manufacturing by Elsevier under a CC BY NC ND licence. ; Digital human modelling (DHM) has often focused on user populations that could be characterised as able-bodied and in the working age group. It is clear however that demographic changes are resulting in older populations in developed countries but this is also becoming increasingly true even in developing countries. The economic pressures of increased life expectancy are resulting in demands for workers to remain in employment well past what would previously have been considered a normal retirement age. In many countries legislation is increasing retirement ages for entitlement to state pensions, and enforceable retirement ages are being outlawed. As a consequence older working populations can be expected. Age in the workforce has many positive aspects including increased experience, wisdom, loyalty and motivation, but an inevitable consequence of ageing is negative effects such as the loss of capabilities in strength, mobility, vision and hearing. The challenge of including older workers is recognised as an important aspect of Inclusive Design and DHM is recognised as a potentially useful method for its implementation. Today's highly demanding and competitive working environments require the highest levels of productivity from individuals so that overall operational and business objectives can be achieved. DHM-based workplace risk assessment methods have successfully been used to improve working environments by conducting virtual posture based ergonomic risk analysis. Older workers are significantly different from younger workers in terms of their physical, physiological and cognitive capabilities and these capabilities directly or indirectly affect human work performance. This article suggests the use of human capability data in a virtual environment to explore the level of acceptability of a working strategy based on real capability data (joint mobility in this case) of older workers. A case study shows that the proposed DHM-based inclusive design method is useful recommending working strategies that are acceptable for older workers in terms of work productivity, well-being and safety.

For over 10 years research has been conducted by the Design School at Loughborough University
in the United Kingdom (UK) into accessibility of products, services and environments with a particular
focus on the needs of older and disabled people. As part of this research a computer based tool called
HADRIAN has been developed to encourage empathy between designers, planners and people who
are older or who may have some form of impairment. In addition, the tool provides a means to evaluate
the accessibility and inclusiveness of a design by simulating the abilities of older and disabled
people and performing virtual user trials where potential barriers introduced by the proposed design
can be identified and rectified before the design is implemented in the real world.
The paper will present and discuss the need for this work and tool, and the importance of obtaining
data directly from older and disabled people, as well as three validation trials conducted to evaluate
the simulation capabilities of HADRIAN compared to real people interacting with the same tasks.

This is a conference paper. ; 'Design for All', or Inclusive Design, is an approach to the design of products and workplaces that aims to maximise suitability for a wide range of consumers/workers. In particular attempts are made to include elderly and disabled consumers/workers without stigmatising the product or in any other way detracting from its attractiveness to younger more able-bodied users. The interest in Design for All stems from the increasing number of elderly and disabled people in western societies, the considerable economic power that they command and pressure from a wide variety of legislative forces. Research has recently been completed that provides a new basis for the application of ergonomics through computer aided design based on multivariate techniques using anthropometric and other data related to individuals rather than populations. The design tool created (known as HADRIAN) is briefly described. This tool is capable of assessing the percentage of the individuals that are able to perform a task whether this be in a domestic or industrial environment. However, it is not capable of suggesting design changes to improve this percentage accommodation, and hence ongoing research is concerned with 'design synthesis'. The design synthesis approach uses a constraint modeller (SWORDS, which has been used elsewhere in many design and industrial applications) to search a potentially infinite design space to find sets of spatial characteristics of the design that maximise the user accommodation. This design synthesis approach is presented in this paper and described by a case study.