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Titre traduit : La caractérisation des fonctions agro-envoronnementales : une apporche par l'agronomie des territoires (français) ; European agro-environmental policies target several environmental resources used for farming. Difficulties in considering multiple agro-environmental functions (AEF) and farming activities, along with lack of databases, hinder the implementation of such policies at regional scale. Hence we propose a method to qualify AEF fulfilment at landscape and regional scales. Starting from the relationships among farming systems, agro-environmental processes and land use patterns, we suppose a link between land use patterns and AEF fulfilment obtained from bio-physical conditions influencing such processes. The method was multiple functions oriented, because of the current agro-environmental policies; at multiple levels, because of the complex relationships between our research subjects; spatially-explicit, to be reproducible for different time spans; empirical, because partially based on assumed relationships between descriptors of AEF fulfilment. We have tested the method in two European NUTS3: Puy-de-Dome (France) and Grosseto Province (Italy), presenting similar agro-environmental heterogeneity (e.g. varying from arable crops plains to extensive livestock mountains) and different conditions (e.g. soil quality, land use, climate). Even though facing some different AEF, both areas presented a good correspondence between the AEF fulfilment at the farming region and landscape scales. In the French case, we found a higher composition variability of AEF fulfilment but a small spatial variability resulting in a quite homogeneous contribution of farms to AEF and in a poor added value of land use patterns. In the Italian case, we found a correspondence between land use patterns and AEF fulfilment resulting in an high predictive value of land use patterns, overcoming farm technical data. We conclude that land use patterns may be a promising tool to assess AEF only when there is a high AEF spatial variability, which is typical of Mediterranean areas. ; Plusieurs enjeux concernant les ressources environnementales mobilisées par l'agriculture sont l'objet de politiques européennes. Leur implémentation régionale est difficile du fait d'un manque d'outils et de données pour évaluer en même temps des fonctions agro-environnementales (FAE) et différentes activités agricoles. En analysant les relations entre systèmes de production, processus agro-environnementaux et configurations spatiales de l'usage du sol, nous faisons l'hypothèse qu'il existe un lien entre ces configurations spatiales et la réalisation des FAE, résultant de conditions influençant ces processus. Notre méthode se caractérise par la prise en compte de multiples fonctions, l'articulation de plusieurs niveaux spatiaux, l'utilisation d'analyses spatiales, une confrontation au terrain par des approches empiriques sur deux régions. Nous l'avons testée dans deux NUTS 3, le département du Puy-de-Dôme (France) et la province de Grosseto (Italie) ayant en commun une hétérogénéité de conditions agro-environnementales (plaines céréalières / élevage extensif en montagne) et d'importantes différences (climat, occupation du sol). Ces régions montrent une réalisation semblable des FAE aux niveaux de la petite région et d'entités paysagères. Le cas français présente une forte variabilité de réalisation des FAE, relativement groupées dans l'espace ; de ce fait, la prise en compte des configurations spatiales apporte peu de nuances supplémentaires pour appréhender la réalisation des FAE dans des espaces restreint. Dans le cas italien au contraire, la réalisation des FAE est très variable dans l'espace et cette variabilité est liée aux configurations spatiales qui améliorent la caractérisation de la réalisation des FAE. En conclusion, les configurations spatiales de l'usage du sol semblent plus utiles à la caractérisation de la réalisation des FAE dans des régions où la variabilité spatiale des FAE est importante, comme en zone méditerranéenne.

Titre traduit : La caractérisation des fonctions agro-envoronnementales : une apporche par l'agronomie des territoires (français) ; European agro-environmental policies target several environmental resources used for farming. Difficulties in considering multiple agro-environmental functions (AEF) and farming activities, along with lack of databases, hinder the implementation of such policies at regional scale. Hence we propose a method to qualify AEF fulfilment at landscape and regional scales. Starting from the relationships among farming systems, agro-environmental processes and land use patterns, we suppose a link between land use patterns and AEF fulfilment obtained from bio-physical conditions influencing such processes. The method was multiple functions oriented, because of the current agro-environmental policies; at multiple levels, because of the complex relationships between our research subjects; spatially-explicit, to be reproducible for different time spans; empirical, because partially based on assumed relationships between descriptors of AEF fulfilment. We have tested the method in two European NUTS3: Puy-de-Dome (France) and Grosseto Province (Italy), presenting similar agro-environmental heterogeneity (e.g. varying from arable crops plains to extensive livestock mountains) and different conditions (e.g. soil quality, land use, climate). Even though facing some different AEF, both areas presented a good correspondence between the AEF fulfilment at the farming region and landscape scales. In the French case, we found a higher composition variability of AEF fulfilment but a small spatial variability resulting in a quite homogeneous contribution of farms to AEF and in a poor added value of land use patterns. In the Italian case, we found a correspondence between land use patterns and AEF fulfilment resulting in an high predictive value of land use patterns, overcoming farm technical data. We conclude that land use patterns may be a promising tool to assess AEF only when there is a high AEF spatial variability, which is typical of Mediterranean areas. ; Plusieurs enjeux concernant les ressources environnementales mobilisées par l'agriculture sont l'objet de politiques européennes. Leur implémentation régionale est difficile du fait d'un manque d'outils et de données pour évaluer en même temps des fonctions agro-environnementales (FAE) et différentes activités agricoles. En analysant les relations entre systèmes de production, processus agro-environnementaux et configurations spatiales de l'usage du sol, nous faisons l'hypothèse qu'il existe un lien entre ces configurations spatiales et la réalisation des FAE, résultant de conditions influençant ces processus. Notre méthode se caractérise par la prise en compte de multiples fonctions, l'articulation de plusieurs niveaux spatiaux, l'utilisation d'analyses spatiales, une confrontation au terrain par des approches empiriques sur deux régions. Nous l'avons testée dans deux NUTS 3, le département du Puy-de-Dôme (France) et la province de Grosseto (Italie) ayant en commun une hétérogénéité de conditions agro-environnementales (plaines céréalières / élevage extensif en montagne) et d'importantes différences (climat, occupation du sol). Ces régions montrent une réalisation semblable des FAE aux niveaux de la petite région et d'entités paysagères. Le cas français présente une forte variabilité de réalisation des FAE, relativement groupées dans l'espace ; de ce fait, la prise en compte des configurations spatiales apporte peu de nuances supplémentaires pour appréhender la réalisation des FAE dans des espaces restreint. Dans le cas italien au contraire, la réalisation des FAE est très variable dans l'espace et cette variabilité est liée aux configurations spatiales qui améliorent la caractérisation de la réalisation des FAE. En conclusion, les configurations spatiales de l'usage du sol semblent plus utiles à la caractérisation de la réalisation des FAE dans des régions où la variabilité spatiale des FAE est importante, comme en zone méditerranéenne.

International audience ; In Europe, there is an increasing interest in pulses both for their beneficial effects in cropping systems and for human health. However, despite these advantages, the acreage dedicated to pulses has been declining and their diversity has reduced, particularly in European temperate regions, due to several social and economic factors. This decline has stimulated a political debate in the EU on the development of plant proteins. By contrast, in Southern countries, a large panel of minor pulses is still cropped in regional patterns of production and consumption. The aim of this paper is to investigate the potential for cultivation of minor pulses in European temperate regions as a complement to common pulses. Our assumption is that some of these crops could adapt to different pedoclimatic conditions, given their physiological adaptation capacity, and that these pulses might be of interest for the development of innovative local food chains in an EU policy context targeting protein autonomy. The research is based on a systematic review of 269 papers retrieved in the Scopus database (1974-2019), which allowed us to identify 41 pulses as candidate species with protein content higher than 20% that are already consumed as food. For each species, the main agronomic (e.g., temperature or water requirements) and nutritional characteristics (e.g., proteins or antinutritional contents) were identified in their growing regions. Following their agronomic characteristics, the candidate crops were confronted with variability in the annual growing conditions for spring crops in Western European temperate areas to determine the earliest potential sowing and latest harvest dates. Subsequently, the potential sum of temperatures was calculated with the Agri4cast database to establish the potential climatic suitability. For the first time, 21 minor pulses were selected to be grown in these temperate areas and appear worthy of investigation in terms of yield potential, nutritional characteristics or best ...

International audience ; In Europe, there is an increasing interest in pulses both for their beneficial effects in cropping systems and for human health. However, despite these advantages, the acreage dedicated to pulses has been declining and their diversity has reduced, particularly in European temperate regions, due to several social and economic factors. This decline has stimulated a political debate in the EU on the development of plant proteins. By contrast, in Southern countries, a large panel of minor pulses is still cropped in regional patterns of production and consumption. The aim of this paper is to investigate the potential for cultivation of minor pulses in European temperate regions as a complement to common pulses. Our assumption is that some of these crops could adapt to different pedoclimatic conditions, given their physiological adaptation capacity, and that these pulses might be of interest for the development of innovative local food chains in an EU policy context targeting protein autonomy. The research is based on a systematic review of 269 papers retrieved in the Scopus database (1974-2019), which allowed us to identify 41 pulses as candidate species with protein content higher than 20% that are already consumed as food. For each species, the main agronomic (e.g., temperature or water requirements) and nutritional characteristics (e.g., proteins or antinutritional contents) were identified in their growing regions. Following their agronomic characteristics, the candidate crops were confronted with variability in the annual growing conditions for spring crops in Western European temperate areas to determine the earliest potential sowing and latest harvest dates. Subsequently, the potential sum of temperatures was calculated with the Agri4cast database to establish the potential climatic suitability. For the first time, 21 minor pulses were selected to be grown in these temperate areas and appear worthy of investigation in terms of yield potential, nutritional characteristics or best management practices.

Agronomists have long expertise in designing new cropping systems to face environmental issues like water resource pollution, soil erosion or biodiversity reduction. They also have designed new theoretical spatial organizations of land use embracing these new cropping systems and analyzed individual farmer constraints for the set-up of these spatial organizations. But very little has been done about local land recombination between farms (LRBF) to overcome the limitation of an individual farm approach. LRBF corresponds to time-limited field exchanges between farmers, mostly for cash crop return period constraints. If they are well driven, such LRBFs could, for instance, help reduce pesticide load on risk areas. We propose a global design method to facilitate new LRBF design: (step 1) identification of existing situations of LRBF on large agricultural areas, (step 2) analyse of their socio-technical determinants by farmers' surveys and (step 3) support the design of environmental friendly LRBF in real situations. The first step of the method, presented in this paper, is based on the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) which is the tool used by the European Union to determine, every year, the eligibility of agricultural land for the subsidies of the Common Agricultural Policy. Beyond the administrative purposes, LPIS data can be used to describe agricultural landscape dynamics but LPIS are complex to use. For instance, in the French LPIS, called RPG (Registre Parcellaire Graphique), the elementary geometry is the farmer's block which associates several adjacent fields if they belong to the same farm. Crucial farmer's block attributes like the anonymized farm number and even the polygon identity code are voluntarily changed every year. Hence, a landscape level use of the RPG requires the development of specific agrogeographical models. RPG Explorer is a computer tool integrating a range of models and procedures to ease the use of RPG data. For the first step of our method we used it to ease the analysis of land recombination between farms. We applied it on different French regions (NUTS 3 European level) and we proposed a first typology of LRBF situations based on criteria, such as the number of farms involved in each type of LBRF, the frequency of land recombination or the type of crops driving the land recombination. This typology will be then improved through farmers' surveys (second step of the methodology) for a better understanding of the socio-technical determinants of LRBF and finally the design of new LRBF (third step).

European agriculture is undergoing a rapid evolution that challenges agronomic research to scale from field to landscape. In particular, the undergoing processes (e.g. urbanization or land abandonment) and the multiple ecosystems services provided by agricultural areas are requiring to broaden the research at the regional level. Since some decades, the European Union is promoting the collection of agricultural data to evaluate the farmers' eligibility for subsidies and to assess the Common Agricultural Policy performances. Part of these datasets is being increasingly used beyond their administrative functions, as for the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) and the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS). Starting from a bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature using these datasets, we will discuss two examples of their application for characterizing cropland and cropping systems. Our aim is to discuss the relevance of these datasets as tools to improve the monitoring and management of agroecosystems at the regional level.

National audience ; European agriculture is undergoing a rapid evolution that challenges agronomic research to scale from field to landscape. In particular, the undergoing processes (e.g. urbanization or land abandonment) and the multiple ecosystems services provided by agricultural areas are requiring to broaden the research at the regional level. Since some decades, the European Union is promoting the collection of agricultural data to evaluate the farmers' eligibility for subsidies and to assess the Common Agricultural Policy performances. Part of these datasets are being increasingly used beyond their administrative functions, as for the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) and the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS). Starting from a bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature using these datasets, we will discuss two examples of their application for characterizing cropland and cropping systems. Our aim is to discuss the relevance of these datasets as tools to improve the monitoring and management of agroecosystems at the regional level.

National audience ; European agriculture is undergoing a rapid evolution that challenges agronomic research to scale from field to landscape. In particular, the undergoing processes (e.g. urbanization or land abandonment) and the multiple ecosystems services provided by agricultural areas are requiring to broaden the research at the regional level. Since some decades, the European Union is promoting the collection of agricultural data to evaluate the farmers' eligibility for subsidies and to assess the Common Agricultural Policy performances. Part of these datasets are being increasingly used beyond their administrative functions, as for the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) and the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS). Starting from a bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature using these datasets, we will discuss two examples of their application for characterizing cropland and cropping systems. Our aim is to discuss the relevance of these datasets as tools to improve the monitoring and management of agroecosystems at the regional level.

National audience ; European agriculture is undergoing a rapid evolution that challenges agronomic research to scale from field to landscape. In particular, the undergoing processes (e.g. urbanization or land abandonment) and the multiple ecosystems services provided by agricultural areas are requiring to broaden the research at the regional level. Since some decades, the European Union is promoting the collection of agricultural data to evaluate the farmers' eligibility for subsidies and to assess the Common Agricultural Policy performances. Part of these datasets are being increasingly used beyond their administrative functions, as for the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) and the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS). Starting from a bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature using these datasets, we will discuss two examples of their application for characterizing cropland and cropping systems. Our aim is to discuss the relevance of these datasets as tools to improve the monitoring and management of agroecosystems at the regional level.

The sustainability of Mediterranean periurban areas is challenged by several dynamics, e.g. the decrease and fragmentation of farmland, conflicts concerning resources and land use. Through the case study of the Pisan urban region, we highlight how actions joining different stakeholders in a variety of projects offer new potentials to treat the issues at stake in such periurban areas. In the region of Pisa, while actors from local authorities are concerned mainly by environmental issues, for the other actors economic and social issues are the focal point. At the same time, by analysing the projects emerging in this area we underline the key role of local authorities in their coordination and development. Finally, we conclude by proposing a framework to analyse periurban projects and their characteristics of integration. ; La durabilité de l'agriculture dans les territoires périurbains méditerranéens est mise en cause par les dynamiques actuelles de réduction et de fragmentation des surfaces agricoles et de concurrence sur les ressources. En nous appuyant sur l'étude de cas de la région urbaine de Pise, nous montrons que les projets portés par une diversité d'acteurs ont un potentiel de réponse différent par rapport aux enjeux identifiés et à l'ensemble des projets agricoles ou urbains. En effet, les acteurs locaux portent des enjeux d'ordre économique et social. Les acteurs institutionnels sont orientés par les enjeux environnementaux. Par une analyse des initiatives à l'origine des projets, nous mettons en évidence que les acteurs institutionnels jouent cependant un rôle clé dans la coordination et le développement de ces projets. L'analyse propose en conclusion une grille de lecture des projets agriurbains et de leurs propriétes intégratrices.

The sustainability of Mediterranean periurban areas is challenged by several dynamics, e.g. the decrease and fragmentation of farmland, conflicts concerning resources and land use. Through the case study of the Pisan urban region, we highlight how actions joining different stakeholders in a variety of projects offer new potentials to treat the issues at stake in such periurban areas. In the region of Pisa, while actors from local authorities are concerned mainly by environmental issues, for the other actors economic and social issues are the focal point. At the same time, by analysing the projects emerging in this area we underline the key role of local authorities in their coordination and development. Finally, we conclude by proposing a framework to analyse periurban projects and their characteristics of integration. ; La durabilité de l'agriculture dans les territoires périurbains méditerranéens est mise en cause par les dynamiques actuelles de réduction et de fragmentation des surfaces agricoles et de concurrence sur les ressources. En nous appuyant sur l'étude de cas de la région urbaine de Pise, nous montrons que les projets portés par une diversité d'acteurs ont un potentiel de réponse différent par rapport aux enjeux identifiés et à l'ensemble des projets agricoles ou urbains. En effet, les acteurs locaux portent des enjeux d'ordre économique et social. Les acteurs institutionnels sont orientés par les enjeux environnementaux. Par une analyse des initiatives à l'origine des projets, nous mettons en évidence que les acteurs institutionnels jouent cependant un rôle clé dans la coordination et le développement de ces projets. L'analyse propose en conclusion une grille de lecture des projets agriurbains et de leurs propriétes intégratrices.

The sustainability of Mediterranean periurban areas is challenged by several dynamics, e.g. the decrease and fragmentation of farmland, conflicts concerning resources and land use. Through the case study of the Pisan urban region, we highlight how actions joining different stakeholders in a variety of projects offer new potentials to treat the issues at stake in such periurban areas. In the region of Pisa, while actors from local authorities are concerned mainly by environmental issues, for the other actors economic and social issues are the focal point. At the same time, by analysing the projects emerging in this area we underline the key role of local authorities in their coordination and development. Finally, we conclude by proposing a framework to analyse periurban projects and their characteristics of integration. ; La durabilité de l'agriculture dans les territoires périurbains méditerranéens est mise en cause par les dynamiques actuelles de réduction et de fragmentation des surfaces agricoles et de concurrence sur les ressources. En nous appuyant sur l'étude de cas de la région urbaine de Pise, nous montrons que les projets portés par une diversité d'acteurs ont un potentiel de réponse différent par rapport aux enjeux identifiés et à l'ensemble des projets agricoles ou urbains. En effet, les acteurs locaux portent des enjeux d'ordre économique et social. Les acteurs institutionnels sont orientés par les enjeux environnementaux. Par une analyse des initiatives à l'origine des projets, nous mettons en évidence que les acteurs institutionnels jouent cependant un rôle clé dans la coordination et le développement de ces projets. L'analyse propose en conclusion une grille de lecture des projets agriurbains et de leurs propriétes intégratrices.

L'agriculture urbaine et périurbaine du pourtour méditerranéen est fortement contrainte par l'urbanisation consommatrice de terres de plaine fertiles. Dans ce contexte certains types d'exploitations agricoles se maintiennent et évoluent en fonction des attentes des filières et des consommateurs. Une analyse comparative de la diversité des systèmes de production comportant du maraichage a été réalisée pour les aires urbaines de Meknès (Maroc), Montpellier (France) et Pise (Italie). Trois types de systèmes ont été observés: les exploitations maraichères spécialisées de grandes surfaces comportant peu d'espèces, des systèmes avec une culture ou une activité pivot (melon à Montpellier, élevage bovin à Pise) et plusieurs cultures maraichères destinées à la fois aux circuits courts et longs et enfin, de très petites exploitations comprenant un grande nombre d'espèces maraichères pour les marchés locaux et tournées de plus en plus vers l'agriculture biologique. L'analyse historique montre des évolutions comparables dans les 3 aires urbaines. Sur la rive nord de la Méditerranée les attentes des consommateurs et les politiques des villes vont être déterminantes dans l'avenir, alors qu'au Maghreb les objectifs de sécurité alimentaire et donc d'accroissement de la production légumière de masse, vont être soutenus par les politiques agricoles nationales.

Soil conservation is an important issue for farming and environmental protection in Mediterranean areas. Hillside farming systems, based on winter cereals and legumes, are common in these areas and are the target of several environmental policies. Soil organic matter (SOM) is widely used to assess the environmental performance of these cropping systems. Nevertheless, few studies have considered soil conservation practices in hillside systems in terms of implementing more effective agro-environmental policies for these areas. This paper compares the SOM conservation of different winter cereal based cropping systems within Mediterranean hillside crops/livestock farms. Seventeen cropping systems were characterised by on-farm surveys in the inland hilly area of Grosseto (Tuscany, Italy). For each cropping system, we performed a SOM balance, based on Hénin-Dupuis' equation, using either local environmental databases or data from on-farm surveys. Differences between cropping systems were analysed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. On average, the cropping systems identified did not guarantee SOM conservation and varied considerably from farm to farm, however, some practices seemed to have a positive performance, e.g. cropping systems of cattle farms. According to the literature, annual SOM balance differs significantly depending on crop rotation length and longer crop rotations performed better than shorter ones. However, we found a local effect indicating that this better performance was influenced by local farmers' cooperatives, which to some extent counteracted the negative effect of crop rotation length. There were significant differences in the performance of dairy sheep and cattle farms (-1031 kg ha-1 yr-1 vs. +103 kg ha-1 yr-1, respectively). This suggests that the presence of livestock did not have the same favourable effect on soil conservation in Mediterranean systems and that this factor should be more investigated. Surprisingly, in our sample, for the same crop rotation length, livestock density did not affect ...