Suchergebnisse

The thesis studies how the rise of metropolitan levels is accompanied by communication strategies and policies. Metropolises, dedicated to thinking about structuring development over their entire territory, but kept under municipal control, due to their mode of election in particular, are crossed by political and territorial tensions. Thus, metropolitan communication policies are constrained by a double imperative: the need to contribute to the ideal shaping of a new space for territorial political action and to consolidate the intermediate and elective political spaces that constitute them. Three types of methodologies have been developed: corpus analyzes made up of municipal and metropolitan publications; semi-structured interviews with elected officials, technicians, journalists and actors in the metropolitan area, and field observations. These analyzes highlight the opposing communication strategies developed vis-à-vis the metropolitan levels by the intermediate levels as well as the bypass strategies operated by the metropolitan communication policies. Whether they take the form of a technicalization of governance or a minimization of political power, these strategies normalize the capacity for political action of the Metropolises and neutralize the oppositions that cross them. All of these elements result in an opacity of metropolitan political issues. A trend accompanied by the difficult emergence of essentially metropolitan public spaces, due to the capture of public debate by the municipal level. As a result, Metropolises, endowed with structuring skills for the territory, are difficult to grasp for citizens, inhabitants and users. An element which leads to question its democratic character. ; La thèse étudie la manière dont la montée en puissance des échelons métropolitains s'accompagne de stratégies et de politiques de communication. Les Métropoles, vouées à penser un développement structurant sur l'ensemble de leur territoire, mais maintenues sous un contrôle municipal, du fait de leur mode d'élection notamment, sont traversées par des mises en tension politiques et territoriales. Ainsi, les politiques de communication métropolitaines sont contraintes par un double impératif : la nécessité de concourir au façonnement idéel d'un nouvel espace d'action politique territoriale et de conforter les espaces politiques intermédiaires et électifs qui les constituent. Trois types de méthodologies ont été développés : des analyses de corpus constitués de publications municipales et métropolitaines ; des entretiens semi-directifs avec des élus, des techniciens, des journalistes et des acteurs du fait métropolitain, et des observations de terrain. Ces analyses mettent en évidence les stratégies de communication d'opposition développées vis-à-vis des échelons métropolitains par les échelons intermédiaires ainsi que les stratégies de contournement opérées par les politiques de communication métropolitaines. Qu'elles prennent la forme d'une technicisation de la gouvernance ou d'une minimisation du pouvoir politique, ces stratégies normalisent la capacité d'agir politique des Métropoles et neutralisent les oppositions qui les traversent. L'ensemble de ces éléments a pour conséquence une opacité des enjeux politiques métropolitains. Une tendance accompagnée par la difficile émergence d'espaces publics d'essence métropolitaine, due à une captation du débat public par l'échelon municipal. En conséquence, les Métropoles, dotées de compétences structurantes pour le territoire sont difficilement saisissables pour les citoyens, habitants et usagers. Un élément qui amène à en interroger le caractère démocratique.

The thesis studies how the rise of metropolitan levels is accompanied by communication strategies and policies. Metropolises, dedicated to thinking about structuring development over their entire territory, but kept under municipal control, due to their mode of election in particular, are crossed by political and territorial tensions. Thus, metropolitan communication policies are constrained by a double imperative: the need to contribute to the ideal shaping of a new space for territorial political action and to consolidate the intermediate and elective political spaces that constitute them. Three types of methodologies have been developed: corpus analyzes made up of municipal and metropolitan publications; semi-structured interviews with elected officials, technicians, journalists and actors in the metropolitan area, and field observations. These analyzes highlight the opposing communication strategies developed vis-à-vis the metropolitan levels by the intermediate levels as well as the bypass strategies operated by the metropolitan communication policies. Whether they take the form of a technicalization of governance or a minimization of political power, these strategies normalize the capacity for political action of the Metropolises and neutralize the oppositions that cross them. All of these elements result in an opacity of metropolitan political issues. A trend accompanied by the difficult emergence of essentially metropolitan public spaces, due to the capture of public debate by the municipal level. As a result, Metropolises, endowed with structuring skills for the territory, are difficult to grasp for citizens, inhabitants and users. An element which leads to question its democratic character. ; La thèse étudie la manière dont la montée en puissance des échelons métropolitains s'accompagne de stratégies et de politiques de communication. Les Métropoles, vouées à penser un développement structurant sur l'ensemble de leur territoire, mais maintenues sous un contrôle municipal, du fait de leur mode ...

Reflet des stratégies politiques mises en œuvre, la communication territoriale revêt une multiplicité d'objectifs et d'outils de communication selon les territoires et collectivités. Après avoir dressé un panorama des différentes approches et des différents usages communicationnels des territoires, le présent mémoire est l'occasion de se questionner sur « Pourquoi et comment les territoires communiquent et la place qu'occupe la notion d'identité dans ce champs communicationnel ». Mise en lumière du fait que « tout est communication », le mémoire met en avant le repositionnement nécessaire des territoires dans une période mouvante de réforme territoriale. Marquées en effet par la nécessité de rendre lisible l'articulation entre les territoires communaux et intercommunaux notamment, tout en se situant dans un territoire plus vaste, les collectivités font dès lors de « l'identité » l'enjeu premier de leur communication. Centré sur la mise en œuvre, comme les écueils de cette quête communicationnelle « identitaire » portée en toile de fond par la notion de « sentiment d'appartenance », le mémoire s'attache en seconde partie à l'analyse plus précise de la construction de la légitimation communicationnelle de Grenoble Alpes Métropole à l'heure de ses premiers pas. La troisième partie étant l'occasion d'observer comment « l'identité » métropolitaine Grenobloise, « métropole au cœur des Alpes », se voit finalement préfigurée par un territoire plus vaste. Occasion d'observer la nécessaire mise en place d'une véritable synergie d'intelligence territoriale dans l'émergence d'un projet de territoire, comme son existence communicationnel.

Reflet des stratégies politiques mises en œuvre, la communication territoriale revêt une multiplicité d'objectifs et d'outils de communication selon les territoires et collectivités. Après avoir dressé un panorama des différentes approches et des différents usages communicationnels des territoires, le présent mémoire est l'occasion de se questionner sur « Pourquoi et comment les territoires communiquent et la place qu'occupe la notion d'identité dans ce champs communicationnel ». Mise en lumière du fait que « tout est communication », le mémoire met en avant le repositionnement nécessaire des territoires dans une période mouvante de réforme territoriale. Marquées en effet par la nécessité de rendre lisible l'articulation entre les territoires communaux et intercommunaux notamment, tout en se situant dans un territoire plus vaste, les collectivités font dès lors de « l'identité » l'enjeu premier de leur communication. Centré sur la mise en œuvre, comme les écueils de cette quête communicationnelle « identitaire » portée en toile de fond par la notion de « sentiment d'appartenance », le mémoire s'attache en seconde partie à l'analyse plus précise de la construction de la légitimation communicationnelle de Grenoble Alpes Métropole à l'heure de ses premiers pas. La troisième partie étant l'occasion d'observer comment « l'identité » métropolitaine Grenobloise, « métropole au cœur des Alpes », se voit finalement préfigurée par un territoire plus vaste. Occasion d'observer la nécessaire mise en place d'une véritable synergie d'intelligence territoriale dans l'émergence d'un projet de territoire, comme son existence communicationnel.

Objective: to describe and compare the quality of life, socioeconomic/cultural characteristics and eating behavior of individuals indicated and undergoing bariatric surgery/gastroplasty. Method: cross-sectional descriptive study, with 154 individuals, divided into three groups: 32 in the pre-surgical period (Group 1), 68 in the post-surgical period of up to one year (Group 2), and 54 in the post-surgical period greater than one year (Group 3).The participants responded electronically to the instruments/questionnaires: 1) Identification form; 2) Questionnaire on dietary behavior and the anatomofunctional conditions of the stomatognatic system; 3) World Health Organization's Abbreviated Quality of Life Assessment - WHOQOL-bref. Results: most participants, general and by groups, were in the fourth decade of life, were female, married, Catholic, seeking health/quality of life/self-esteem as motivation for the surgical procedure. Surgery in the private sector prevailed, and the Bypass was the most performed surgery. The groups differ in relation to the amount of food consumed, the ability to taste the food, chewing, and knowledge about speech therapy. For all domains and total outcome of the quality of life instrument, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups, and this difference was applied to the comparison between G1 and G2 (p=0.00) and G1 and G3 (p=0.00). Individuals who consider themselves overweight present average lower scores for the Physical, Psychological domains and total result of the instrument. Conclusion: Individuals of G1 present worse results in relation to: 1) quality of life when compared to those of G2 and G3; 2) food behavior in general when compared to those of G2 and G3, mainly in relation to: amount of food consumed per meal, taste of food, chewing and knowledge of speech science.

Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade/satisfação do aprendizado de discentes do curso de Fonoaudiologia em sua primeira disciplina prática do curso. Método: estudo prospectivo, observacional/descritivo, realizado com 24 discentes de Fonoaudiologia que cursaram a disciplina "Trabalho de Campo em Fonoaudiologia 1". Trata-se de uma disciplina cujo objetivo é desenvolver habilidades de observação e análise no processo comunicativo humano. Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo, foram coletadas informações mediante aplicação de um questionário. Os dados foram analisados por meio da distribuição de frequência absoluta e relativa, e a Correlação de Spearman foi utilizada para a análise de correlação entre as questões. Resultados: verificou-se que para que ocorra uma melhor satisfação/aprendizado da disciplina faz-se necessário sua revisão e aprimoramento, principalmente em relação à carga horária, o dia e horário de sua realização, a qualidade das aulas teóricas introdutórias e das atividades práticas, e o número de atividades/ações. Conclusões: Foi possível avaliar a qualidade/satisfação do aprendizado de discentes do curso de Fonoaudiologia em sua primeira disciplina prática. Com base nos resultados obtidos será possível discussões, identificação de reformulações e proposição de melhorias e/ou de implantação de novos conteúdos e ações.

Planck Collaboration. ; The characterization of the Galactic foregrounds has been shown to be the main obstacle in thechallenging quest to detect primordial B-modes in the polarized microwave sky. We make use of the Planck-HFI 2015 data release at high frequencies to place new constraints on the properties of the polarized thermal dust emission at high Galactic latitudes. Here, we specifically study the spatial variability of the dust polarized spectral energy distribution (SED), and its potential impact on the determination of the tensor-to-scalar ratio, r. We use the correlation ratio of the angular power spectra between the 217 and 353 GHz channels as a tracer of these potential variations, computed on different high Galactic latitude regions, ranging from 80% to 20% of the sky. The new insight from Planck data is a departure of the correlation ratio from unity that cannot be attributed to a spurious decorrelation due to the cosmic microwave background, instrumental noise, or instrumental systematics. The effect is marginally detected on each region, but the statistical combination of all the regions gives more than 99% confidence for this variation in polarized dust properties. In addition, we show that the decorrelation increases when there is a decrease in the mean column density of the region of the sky being considered, and we propose a simple power-law empirical model for this dependence, which matches what is seen in the Planck data. We explore the effect that this measured decorrelation has on simulations of the BICEP2-Keck Array/Planck analysis and show that the 2015 constraints from these data still allow a decorrelation between the dust at 150 and 353 GHz that is compatible with our measured value. Finally, using simplified models, we show that either spatial variation of the dust SED or of the dust polarization angle are able to produce decorrelations between 217 and 353 GHz data similar to the values we observe in the data. ; The Planck Collaboration acknowledges the support of: ESA; CNES, and CNRS/INSU-IN2P3-INP (France); ASI, CNR, and INAF (Italy); NASA and DoE (USA); STFC and UKSA (UK); CSIC, MINECO, J.A., and RES (Spain); Tekes, AoF, and CSC (Finland); DLR and MPG (Germany); CSA (Canada); DTU Space (Denmark); SER/SSO (Switzerland); RCN (Norway); SFI (Ireland); FCT/MCTES (Portugal); ERC and PRACE (EU). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) / ERC grant agreement No. 267934. ; Peer Reviewed

ESA ; CNES (France) ; CNRS/INSU-IN2P3-INP (France) ; ASI (Italy) ; CNR (Italy) ; INAF (Italy) ; NASA (USA) ; DoE (USA) ; STFC (UK) ; UKSA (UK) ; CSIC (Spain) ; MINECO (Spain) ; JA (Spain) ; RES (Spain) ; Tekes (Finland) ; AoF (Finland) ; CSC (Finland) ; DLR (Germany) ; MPG (Germany) ; CSA (Canada) ; DTU Space (Denmark) ; SER/SSO (Switzerland) ; RCN (Norway) ; SFI (Ireland) ; FCT/MCTES (Portugal) ; ERC (EU) ; PRACE (EU) ; UK BIS NEI grants ; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy ; Canada Foundation for Innovation under Compute Canada ; Government of Ontario ; University of Toronto ; Science and Technology Facilities Council ; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy: DE-AC02-05CH11231 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/L000768/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/L000652/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/J005673/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M00418X/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/L000393/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M007065/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K00333X/1 ; The Planck full mission cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and E-mode polarization maps are analysed to obtain constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity (NG). Using three classes of optimal bispectrum estimators - separable template-fitting (KSW), binned, and modal we obtain consistent values for the primordial local, equilateral, and orthogonal bispectrum amplitudes, quoting as our final result from temperature alone f(NL)(local) = 2.5 +/- 5.7, f(NL)(equil) = 16 +/- 70, and f(NL)(ortho) = 34 +/- 33 (68% CL, statistical). Combining temperature and polarization data we obtain f(NL)(local) = 0.8 +/- 5.0, f(NL)(equil) = 4 +/- 43, and f(NL)(ortho) = 26 +/- 21 (68% CL, statistical). The results are based on comprehensive cross-validation of these estimators on Gaussian and non-Gaussian simulations, are stable across component separation techniques, pass an extensive suite of tests, and are consistent with estimators based on measuring the Minkowski functionals of the CMB. The effect of time-domain de-glitching systematics on the bispectrum is negligible. In spite of these test outcomes we conservatively label the results including polarization data as preliminary, owing to a known mismatch of the noise model in simulations and the data. Beyond estimates of individual shape amplitudes, we present model-independent, three-dimensional reconstructions of the Planck CMB bispectrum and derive constraints on early universe scenarios that generate primordial NG, including general single-field models of inflation, axion inflation, initial state modifications, models producing parity-violating tensor bispectra, and directionally dependent vector models. We present a wide survey of scale-dependent feature and resonance models, accounting for the look elsewhere effect in estimating the statistical significance of features. We also look for isocurvature NG, and find no signal, but we obtain constraints that improve significantly with the inclusion of polarization. The primordial trispectrum amplitude in the local model is constrained to be g(NL)(local) = (9.0 +/- 7.7) x 10(4) (68% CL statistical), and we perform an analysis of trispectrum shapes beyond the local case. The global picture that emerges is one of consistency with the premises of the Lambda CDM cosmology, namely that the structure we observe today was sourced by adiabatic, passive, Gaussian, and primordial seed perturbations.