Suchergebnisse

Community participation in crime prevention has been embraced by anti-crime organizations as a panacea for crime problems. This approach gained its preeminent status after governments realised that law enforcement alone cannot reduce crime without involving communities. This paper provides insight into challenges facing community participation in one of the Cape Town townships. The study employed qualitative method and participants such as ordinary citizens and representatives of anti-crime organizations operating in Khayelitsha were purposively selected. Data was collected using in-depth face-to-face interviews. Key findings show that Khayelitsha residents patrol streets during the night under a neighborhood watch project; and by reporting committed crimes to police or providing police with information on potential crimes, this same community patrol helps decrease potential criminal activities. Community participation in Khayelitsha however, faces some impediments such as poverty among the community residents, and ineffective police response to crimes.

Although political risk has an impact on all types of businesses, political risk affects tourism business performance in terms of tourist arrivals and tourism revenue because tourists are very sensitive to political risk in host countries. This study analysed the effect of political risk on revenue from the tourism industry in South Africa. The sample period of 108 months from January 2007 to December 2015 was used based on the availability of data. The political risk were measured by the country's political risk index; whilst tourism revenue was measured by the total monthly income from the entire tourism industry in South Africa. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was used to test the short-run and long-run relationships between political risk and tourism revenue. Results showed that political risks have a long-run effect on real revenue from the tourism industry but there was no empirical evidence supporting the short-run relationship. Findings of this study suggest that it takes time for the political shocks to be manifested in tourism revenue. This study showed that the South African tourism revenue continued to grow, even during the period of increasing political risk and hence a further analysis of how different dimensions of political risk affect different categories of tourism revenue, was recommended.

Although political risk has an impact on all types of businesses, political risk affects tourism business performance in terms of tourist arrivals and tourism revenue because tourists are very sensitive to political risk in host countries. This study analysed the effect of political risk on revenue from the tourism industry in South Africa. The sample period of 108 months from January 2007 to December 2015 was used based on the availability of data. The political risk were measured by the country's political risk index; whilst tourism revenue was measured by the total monthly income from the entire tourism industry in South Africa. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was used to test the short-run and long-run relationships between political risk and tourism revenue. Results showed that political risks have a long-run effect on real revenue from the tourism industry but there was no empirical evidence supporting the short-run relationship. Findings of this study suggest that it takes time for the political shocks to be manifested in tourism revenue. This study showed that the South African tourism revenue continued to grow, even during the period of increasing political risk and hence a further analysis of how different dimensions of political risk affect different categories of tourism revenue, was recommended.

The role of informal social controls and their sanctions are still given little attention in crime prevention field. Some people still regard fighting and preventing crime as the work of the government and its agencies. This paper provides insight into the extent to which residents of Site B in Khayelitsha township take initiative to fight and prevent criminal activities in their area using informal social controls. Qualitative analysis was used to analyse the data collected from various categories of participants including ordinary residents, community police officers, community leaders and representatives of anti-crime organisations. Results indicate that the residents are reluctant to sanction offenders informally as a result of a high level of individualism among the residents. Some residents do not practise informal social controls because they fear to be arrested for sanctioning criminals and other offenders. This suggests that informal social controls conflict with formal sanctions rather than supporting and supplementing each other. However, individualism and lack of solidarity among residents of Site B were found to be the major cause of weak informal social controls. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n3p121

The role of informal social controls and their sanctions are still given little attention in crime prevention field. Some people still regard fighting and preventing crime as the work of the government and its agencies. This paper provides insight into the extent to which residents of Site B in Khayelitsha township take initiative to fight and prevent criminal activities in their area using informal social controls. Qualitative analysis was used to analyse the data collected from various categories of participants including ordinary residents, community police officers, community leaders and representatives of anti-crime organisations. Results indicate that the residents are reluctant to sanction offenders informally as a result of a high level of individualism among the residents. Some residents do not practise informal social controls because they fear to be arrested for sanctioning criminals and other offenders. This suggests that informal social controls conflict with formal sanctions rather than supporting and supplementing each other. However, individualism and lack of solidarity among residents of Site B were found to be the major cause of weak informal social controls. ; http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/457/487 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n3p121

Political risk is one of the determinants of employment in the tourism industry. Changes in the level of political risk in a country result in fluctuations in employment in the tourism sector. Countries with a high level of political risk experience a decline in employment whereas countries with a low level of political risk experience an increase in employment. This paper investigates the impact of political risk on employment in South Africa's tourism industry using quarterly time series data for the period between 2007 and 2017. The study employs the Autoregressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) model to determine the impact of political risk on employment in tourism in both the short- and long-run. The results from the analysis reveal that political risk has both short- and long-run effects on employment in South Africa's tourism industry. When the level of political risk declines by 1%, employment grows by 5.016% in the long-run whereas employment increases by 1.51% in the short-run when the level of political risk declines by 1%. These results imply that governments have to keep the level of political risk low by avoiding political risk events and actions for the tourism industry to create additional employment opportunities.