Suchergebnisse

Ben Jonson, Shakespeare's well known contemporary playwright, poet and actor calls Shakespeare "not of an age but for all time." Shakespeare therefore is the dramatist for all seasons and arguably the most timeless and placeless dramatist, the world of literature has ever produced. He produced 37 plays during his time and penned 154 sonnets with two epic poems. Shakespeare is the mostly quoted (person) next to Bible and his works have been produced in almost all the languages with diverse sort of modifications; his characters have continued to be not just theatrical realities but social realities over four centuries as the characters like Romeo, Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, Julius Cesar, Shylock, etc. are still very much alive irrespective of socio-cultural, political and geographical differences. Thus, Ben Jonson further adds in a familiar tribute to Shakespeare: "Thon art alive still while thy Booke doth live, and we have wits to read, and praise to give".

In 2005, India's parliament passed the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), which is the central government's response to the constitutionally manifested right to work and means to promote livelihood security in India's rural areas. To this end, the Act guarantees 100 days of annual employment at statutory minimum wage rates to any rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work. The manual work needs to create sustainable assets that promote the economic and infrastructure development of villages. Implemented in three phases beginning in 2006, the Act extended to all of rural India in April 2008. NREGA is an innovative answer to the long-standing problem of providing social safety nets in rural areas. The overall objective of this paper is to bring focus on Issues and challenges of MGNREGA and to evaluate the performance since its enactment. Apart from academic perspective on the need, relevance and justification for the MGNREGA, it also seeks to establish a dialogue between academics and policy makers with those who are working at grass root level to monitor the functioning of the MGNREGA. Another objective of the paper is to bring together all these diverse experiences on a common platform to arrive at some common understandings on the problems faced in implementation of MGNREGA and also to learn from the successes in implementing MGNREGA.

This article discusses assessing the instability of a continuous linear homogeneous timeinvariant descriptor system. Some necessary conditions and sufficient conditions are derived to establish the stability of a matrix pair by the fundamentals of qualitative ecological principles. The proposed conditions are derived using only the qualitative (sign) information of the matrix pair elements. Based on these conditions, the instability of a matrix pair can easily be determined, without any magnitude information of the matrix pair elements and without numerical eigenvalues calculations. With the proposed theory, Magnitude Dependent Stable, Magnitude Dependent Unstable, and Qualitative Sign Stable matrix pairs can be distinguished. The consequences of the proposed conditions and some illustrative examples are discussed.