Suchergebnisse

It has been described in texts dealing with the economics of the public sector as part of the microeconomics, about how expensive market failure is for the society: negative externalities as pollution, inadequate provision of public goods and the monopoly and abuse of market power, among others; but little is mentioned about the failure of the State, that is, which is the behavior of the Government economic actor and as its powering interferes with the development of healthy and competitivemarkets, generating a huge destruction of value and wealth, which can be seen in loss of welfare or dead weights in society. Then we emphasize on the favor and the populist policies as more severe failure including the huge size measured in terms of National Income State that the welfare state is reaching. ; Se ha descrito en los textos que tratan la economía del sector público como parte de la microeconomía,sobre locosto saque es para la sociedad la falla de mercado: a saber externalidades negativas como la contaminación,provisión insuficiente de bienes públicos y el monopolio que abusa de su poder de mercado,entre otras; pero poco se menciona sobre la falla del Estado, en que consiste, cual es el comportamiento del actor económico gobierno y como su accionarinterfiere en el desarrollo de mercados sanos y competitivos, generando una inmensa destrucción de valor y riqueza, que se aprecia en pérdida de bienestar o pesos muertos en la sociedad. A continuación se enfatiza sobre la corrupción y las políticas de tipo populista como las fallas de Estado o Gobierno más graves incluyendo el enorme tamaño medido en término del ingreso nacional que está alcanzando el Estado del Bienestar

Society has come to assimilate the concepts of inequality and poverty as synonyms, which has influenced both political and economic thinking, the belief that the solution to eradicate poverty is to combat inequality. From this concept we analyze how inequality has been totally misunderstood by political philosophy and economic theory at the world level, by not knowing that its essence in itself is linked to human nature, which is why it is rather the inequality which can provide the environment conducive to the creation and discovery of opportunities for individual development of people and the economy as a whole. It seeks to bridge the inequality of the equivocal theories that relate it to poverty, such as those put forward by Piketty (2014). The present study aims to explain how inequality can lead us to demonstrate, which is rather the state interventionism in seeking equality at all costs, the true generator of poverty. ; La sociedad ha llegado a asimilar los conceptos de desigualdad y pobreza como sinónimos, lo que ha incidido tanto en el pensamiento político como en el económico, la creencia de que la solución para extirpar la pobreza es combatir la desigualdad. Rallo (2017) ha afirmado recientemente que: Dentro del imaginario colectivo, los conceptos de "pobreza" y de "desigualdad" han terminado por fusionarse: si hay pobres es porque somos desiguales; si la desigualdad aumenta, es porque ha aumentado la pobreza (…) lo que deja de perder (o lo que gana) uno es porque lo pierde otro. A partir de este enfoque se analiza a la desigualdad, la que ha sido totalmente mal comprendida por la filosofía política y la teoría económica a nivel mundial, al desconocer que su esencia en sí está ligada con la naturaleza humana, razón por la cual, es más bien la desigualdad la que puede brindar el ambiente propicio para la creación y descubrimientos de las oportunidades de desarrollo individual de las personas y de la economía en su conjunto. Se busca desligar a la desigualdad de las teorías equívocas que la relacionan con la pobreza, tales como las expuestas por Piketty (2014) quien ha afirmado: "Cuando la tasa de rendimiento del capital supera la tasa de crecimiento de la producción y los ingresos (…) el capitalismo genera automáticamente las desigualdades arbitrarias e insostenibles que socavan radicalmente los valores meritocráticos en que se basan las sociedades democráticas."(p. 4). El presente estudio pretende explicar cómo la desigualdad puede llevarnos a demostrar que es más bien el intervencionismo estatal, al buscar la igualdad a toda costa, el verdadero generador de la pobreza.

Swine influenza virus is one of the most important pathogens involved in the swine respiratory disease complex. Recent serological surveys showed a high prevalence of swine influenza strains belonging to the H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes circulating in pigs in Spain. However, little is known about their genome sequence. Five swine influenza strains were isolated from some unrelated outbreaks occurred during 2006–2007, and their complete genome sequences were determined. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they belonged to the lineages "Avian-Like" H1N1, "Human-Like" H3N2, and "Human-Like" H1N2, showing tight relationships with early or contemporary strains described in Europe. Notably, one virus of the H1N2 subtype showed genetic and antigenic divergence with the European contemporary strains or vaccinal strains of the same subtype, suggesting that some local and divergent clusters of the virus may pass unnoticed in routinary subtyping. Finally, analysis on the entire pattern of genome segments suggested that a second reassortment event could have influenced the evolution of that divergent H1N2 strain. ; This work was funded by the Project AGL2010-22200-C01 by the Spanish Government. Ph.D. study of Baratelli Massimiliano is funded by a doctoral FPI grant of Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.