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This open access book examines key aspects of international cooperation to enhance nuclear safety, security, safeguards, and nonproliferation, thereby assisting in development and maintenance of the verification regime and fostering progress toward a nuclear weapon-free world. Current challenges are discussed and attempts made to identify possible solutions and future improvements, considering scientific developments that have the potential to increase the effectiveness of implementation of international regimes, particularly in critical areas, technology foresight, and the ongoing evaluation of current capabilities.

This open access book is based on the conference organised by Accademia dei Lincei and the US National Academy of Sciences and supported by the Italian Ministero degli Affari Esteri. It was attended by about 60 scientists and researchers from 13 countries, including, besides Europe, Iran, Israel, Iraq, Pakistan, India, Japan, Russian Federation and the USA. In an international scenario shaken by the uncertainties of the pandemic and the war between Russia and Ukraine, dialogue and scientific collaboration are confirmed to be precious tools to enhance nuclear safety, security and non-proliferation. The urgency to open peace discussions in Ukraine was emphasised by all participants, and the belief that science can make an essential contribution to peace construction was reaffirmed. Current challenges (some new, such as autonomous weapons and the use of artificial intelligence for war purposes) are discussed and attempts made to identify possible solutions and future improvements, including in the field of sustainable energy development

Journal of High Energy Physics 2013.11 (2013): 187 reproduced by permission of Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) ; We analyze the structure of quark and lepton mass matrices under the hypothesis that they are determined from a minimum principle applied to a generic potential invariant under the [SU(3)]5 ⊗ O (3) flavor symmetry, acting on Standard Model fermions and right-handed neutrinos. Unlike the quark case, we show that hierarchical masses for charged leptons are naturally accompanied by degenerate Majorana neutrinos with one mixing angle close to maximal, a second potentially large, a third one necessarily small, and one maximal relative Majorana phase. Adding small perturbations the predicted structure for the neutrino mass matrix is in excellent agreement with present observations and could be tested in the near future via neutrino-less double beta decay and cosmological measurements. The generalization of these results to arbitrary sew-saw models is also discussed ; The authors acknowledge partial support by the European Union FP7 ITN INVISIBLES (Marie Curie Actions, PITN-GA-2011-289442), as well as support from CiCYT through the project FPA2009-09017, CAM through the project HEPHACOS PESP-00346, and from European Union FP7 ITN UNILHC (Marie Curie Actions, PITN-GA-2009-237920). R.A. acknowledges MICINN support through the grant BES-2010-037869. G.I. acknowledges partial support by MIUR under project 2010YJ2NYW