Repaying microcredit loans: a natural experiment on liability structure
In: The journal of development studies, Band 56, Heft 6, S. 1161-1176
ISSN: 1743-9140
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In: The journal of development studies, Band 56, Heft 6, S. 1161-1176
ISSN: 1743-9140
World Affairs Online
In: The journal of development studies, Band 56, Heft 6, S. 1161-1176
ISSN: 1743-9140
In: World development: the multi-disciplinary international journal devoted to the study and promotion of world development, Band 140, S. 1-21
World Affairs Online
In: The Pakistan development review: PDR, Band 51, Heft 4II, S. 245-258
Remittances are increasingly becoming an essential source of
foreign exchange in developing countries, in some cases, even more than
official development assistance. Recent estimates from the World Bank
indicate that global remittances are expected to exceed $590 billion,
with almost 75 percent of these remittances flowing to the developing
countries. Pakistan became the fifth largest remittance-recipient nation
in the developing world in 2011,1 registering a strong growth of 25.8
percent, relative to a 10.1 percent growth in remittances to South Asia.
According to an IMF research paper, workers' remittances contribute
almost 4 percent to the country's GDP, and are equivalent to almost 22
percent of annual exports of goods and services.2 Remittances to
Pakistan have shown a strong rising trend; from being less than $2
billion dollars in 1997 to reaching almost $10 billion in 2010. In fact,
the total remittances sent home by overseas Pakistani workers have more
than quadrupled in the last eight years to more than $13.186 billion,3
the highest-ever amount received in a year by the country in the last
fiscal year, which ended in June 2012. Interestingly, the almost 1.5
million Pakistani expatriates residing in Saudi Arabia send more
remittances to Pakistan than from expatriates working and residing in
other countries
In: The Pakistan development review: PDR, Band 50, Heft 4II, S. 365-376
This study analysed the behaviour of a sample of manufacturing
firms in Pakistan in order to understand what determines innovative
activity employing a panel data set for the years 2002 and 2006-07.
Probit estimation results reveal that size of the firm and human
resource quality are important internal factors that increase the
likelihood of a firm innovating. Interestingly, whether a firm is
exporting or not has no bearing. However, post innovating there is a
large increase in number of firms who export. Externally, presence in a
geographic cluster is important though further analysis reveals that the
impact varies according to firm size. Size per se does not increase
likelihood of innovating for medium sized firm who only have an
advantage over small sized firms when present in a cluster. Large firms
on the other hand continue to have an advantage and the advantage
further increases with presence in a cluster. Finally, analysis by
product and process innovators reveals that the characteristics of firms
undertaking the two types of innovative activity are similar. The only
noteworthy difference being that process innovation does not benefit
from presence of a firm in a cluster which might be attributable to the
more visible nature of product innovation which benefits from
technological spillovers that are a characteristic of presence in a
cluster. JEL classifications: O14, O31, O33, L6 Keywords: Innovation and
Invention: Processes and Incentive, Developing Countries, Industry
Study
In: The Pakistan development review: PDR, Band 50, Heft 4II, S. 895-911
The study explores the spatial patterns of poverty in Pakistan
through two dimensions: asset accumulation and basic needs. For this
purpose Pakistan Standard of Living Measurement 08-09 is employed to
construct an Asset Index and a Basic Needs index, at a district level,
through the use of household level indicators. The study finds a clear
north south divide, with particular concentration of better off
districts in the north east of the country. Additionally, regression
analysis is carried out to help identify the macro level factors
contributing towards the observed pattern. Results reveal
infrastructural and industrial development to be significant factors
behind a district's well-being. This indicates that public policy
directed towards developing deprived districts should be cantered on
these factors, specifically expanding road networks, and incentives for
industrial development in those districts. JEL classifications: I32, O53
Keywords: Measurement and Analysis of Poverty, District Level Analysis,
Pakistan
In: The Pakistan development review: PDR, Band 49, Heft 4II, S. 593-607
The cornerstone of fiscal federalism is to empower provinces
through fiscal decentralisation, thereby reducing the friction between
them. This is achieved if the distribution of resources between
provinces is judicial and equitable, reducing the biases and divides
amongst the provinces and leading to a stronger federation. In Pakistan,
the National Finance Commission (NFC) awards are constituted to decide
the share of the provinces in the federal revenues and to redistribute
this share to the provinces. Over the years, there has been a gradual
increase in federal shares. The federal government has also stretched
itself into several matters that fall under the provincial purview (for
instance roads, irrigation, culture and tourism and rural development)
[Shah (1997)]. With the aimed devolution of power from the centre to the
local government, it is imperative that these provincial governments
have adequate finances to effectively carry out the subjects that fall
under their domain. Moreover, there has been no serious shift in
resource distribution amongst the provinces themselves, in spite of the
disparities in economic and social development as well as varying
political and security situations. This has, in turn, contributed in
aggravating the differences between provinces over time, bringing into
question the success of the NFC awards in fostering
integration.
In: Economic Development and Cultural Change, Band 72, Heft 2, S. 919-957
ISSN: 1539-2988
In: Economic Development and Cultural Change, Band 71, Heft 1, S. 185-221
ISSN: 1539-2988
In: CREB Policy Paper No. 01-10
SSRN
Working paper
In: NBER Working Paper No. w31735
SSRN