This article examines the gender gap in political participation in Japan. Although previous studies indicate that women may face several external constraints on political participation, this idea has not been tested systematically. Using the Japanese component of the Asia-Europe Survey, the article demonstrates that work experience and age have very different impacts on participation across the sexes. It argues that men and women encounter very different working conditions and family circumstances at certain stages of their lives, which create a gender gap in political participation.
Beschreibung der Situation in Familie, Alltag, Wohnung und Wohnumfeld. Geschlechterrolle. Gesundheit. Fremdsprachenkenntnisse. Beruf. Politische Fragen.
1. Arbeit: Geschlecht; Alter (Geburtsjahr); Familienstand; Berufstätigkeit in der letzten Woche; Gründe für fehlende Berufstätigkeit; Berufstätigkeit in der Vergangenheit; Alter bei Kündigung der letzten Arbeitsstelle; Wochenarbeitszeit im Hauptberuf und in eventuellen Nebenjobs; beruflicher Status; bei einer Zeitarbeitsagentur registriert; Vorgesetztenfunktion; Pendeln; Wegezeit zur Arbeitsstelle (Stunden und Minuten); Beschäftigung im öffentlichen Dienst, in einem selbständigen Unternehmen, dem Hauptsitz oder der Zweigstelle eines Unternehmens; Branchenzugehörigkeit; Beruf (ISCO); Wochenarbeitstage; reguläre Wochenstundenzahl; Dauer der Betriebszugehörigkeit in Jahren; Betriebsgröße; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Arbeitszufriedenheit; Kündigungsabsicht; Arbeitsplatzgefährdung; Einschätzung der Chancen im Falle des Arbeitsplatzverlustes einen äquivalenten Job zu finden; derzeitige Jobsuche.
Familie: Familienstand; Beschreibung der Beschäftigungssituation des Partners: Wochenarbeitszeit im Hauptberuf und in eventuellen Nebenjobs, beruflicher Status, Vorgesetztenfunktion, Branche, Beruf (ISCO), Anzahl der Arbeitstage pro Woche, reguläre Wochenarbeitszeit; Jahre der Betriebszugehörigkeit, Betriebsgröße; Alter des Partners; Zusammenleben mit dem Partner; Zusammenleben mit einem oder beiden Elternteilen des Befragten bzw. seines Partners; Angaben zu den Eltern des Befragten und seines Partners: Alter, Familienstand, derzeitige Berufstätigkeit der Eltern; Kinderzahl (inklusive verstorbene); Angaben zu allen Kindern: Geschlecht, noch im elterlichen Haushalt lebend, Alter, Familienstand, Berufstätigkeit; Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltszusammensetzung; Angaben über sämtliche Familienmitglieder bezüglich: Verwandtschaftsgrad, Geschlecht und Alter; Anzahl Familienmitglieder, die temporär von der Familie entfernt wohnen, deren Beziehung zum Befragten sowie Grund für Wohnen außerhalb der Familie; Haushaltsvorstand; Einkommensquellen des Haushalts sowie Haupteinkommensquelle; Selbsteinschätzung auf einer Oben-Unten-Skala; Urbanisierungsgrad; Haushaltsbruttoeinkommen des letzten Jahres; Einkommen des Befragten und seines Ehepartners (jeweils insgesamt und im Hauptberuf); Geschwisterzahl des Befragten sowie seines Ehepartners (inklusive verstorbene); Stellung in der Geschwisterfolge.
Bezogen auf die Kindheit des Befragten im Alter von 15 Jahren: Größe des damaligen Wohnorts; dörflicher Charakter des damaligen Wohnorts; beruflicher Status und Beruf (ISCO) des Vaters; Betriebsgröße der damaligen Arbeitgeberfirma des Vaters; berufliche Position der Mutter; Bildungsgrad des Befragten, des Partners und der Eltern; für den Befragten und den Partner wurde erfragt: Abschluss oder Abbruch der zuletzt besuchten Schule; Schuljahr bei derzeitigem Schulbesuch; Besuch einer Fachschule.
Erster Job nach Schulabschluss: Zeitdauer zwischen Schulabschluss und Arbeitsbeginn; berufliche Position und Beruf des Befragten; Betriebsgröße.
2. Schriftliche Befragung (drop off): Es wurde zwei unterschiedliche Fragebögen verwendet. Dabei wurden Frageformulierungen bei einzelnen Fragen bzw. Fragenkomplexen methodisch variiert.
Fragebogen A: Alltag: Fernsehkonsum pro Tag; Anzahl monatlich gelesener Bücher; Häufigkeit des Zeitungslesens; Kommunikationsmedien: Computernutzung (daheim, auf der Arbeit/in der Schule) Mobiltelefonnutzung; Informationssuche im Internet bzw. über Mobiltelefon, Internet-Shopping, Online-Banking und Herstellung von Web-Seiten; Nutzungshäufigkeit eines Mobiltelefons; Versendehäufigkeit von E-Mails per PC bzw. Mobiltelefon; Häufigkeit von: Sportaktivitäten, Familienessen, Essen mit Freunden, Abendessen kochen, Lebensmitteleinkäufen, Wäsche waschen, Hausputz und Müll entsorgen; Häufigkeit von Urlauben länger als zwei Tage.
Gesundheit: Selbsteinschätzung des Gesundheitszustandes; Raucherstatus; Versuche, das Rauchen aufzugeben; Trinkgewohnheiten; traumatische Erlebnisse in den letzten fünf Jahren; Zufriedenheit mit: Wohnumfeld, Freizeitaktivitäten, Familienleben, finanzieller Situation des Haushalts, Freundschaften, Gesundheitszustand, Partnerschaft; eigenes Glücklichsein; Suchtverhalten des Befragten und von Familienmitgliedern bezüglich Alkohol, Rauchen, Spielen, Videospiele bzw. Internetspiele).
Fremdsprachen: Einschätzung der eigenen Englischkenntnisse (Sprachkompetenz und Lesekompetenz); Anwendung der Englischkenntnisse: geschäftlich, im sozialen Umfeld, Filme, Musik, Bücher, Internetnutzung, Reisen nach Übersee; Vorteilhaftigkeit verbesserter Englischkenntnisse für Beruf, Hobby oder persönliche Beziehungen; präferierter Zeitpunkt für Englischunterricht in der Schule; Englischunterricht erhalten vor der weiterführenden Schule (junior high school).
Lebensumstände und Politik: Wohnstatus und Haustyp (freistehendes Haus oder Häuserkomplex); persönliche Nutzung ökologischer Produkte: Solarenergie, Nachtstrom, gasangetriebene Warmwasserbereitung mit heimischer Stromerzeugung (Ecowill), Wärmetauscher (Ecocute), emissionsreduziertes Fahrzeug (Hybrid Autos); Wohndauer; Ortsverbundenheit; Änderung der finanziellen Situation in den letzten Jahren; Vergleich der finanziellen Situation mit anderen japanischen Familien und im Vergleich zur finanziellen Situation in der eigenen Jugendzeit; Selbsteinschätzung des Rangs im Schulerfolg; Einschätzung der Chancen zur Verbesserung des persönlichen Lebensstandards (soziale Mobilität); erwartete Entwicklung der Pensions- oder Rentenhöhe im Vergleich zur derzeitigen Rentenhöhe; Selbsteinschätzung der Schichtzugehörigkeit; Besorgnis über die persönliche zukünftige finanzielle Situation; Präferenz für staatliche oder individuelle Verantwortlichkeit für den Lebensunterhalt, die medizinische Versorgung und Pflege älterer Menschen sowie die Ausbildung und Kindererziehung (Wohlfahrtsstaat); eigene politische Einordnung (konservativ oder progressiv); Einschätzung der persönlichen Steuerlast; Beurteilung der Angemessenheit von Regierungsausgaben für ausgewählte Bereiche (z.B. Erziehung, nationale Sicherheit), Einstellung zur Balance zwischen Sozialwesen und Steuerbelastung (Stärkung des öffentlichen Sozialwesens durch Steuererhöhungen versus Steuersenkungen und Schwächung des Sozialwesens); Einstellung betreffend: politische Einflussnahme des Bürgers (efficacy), Kompliziertheit der Politik, Wahlbeteiligungspflicht, Einhaltung von Wahlversprechen durch Parlamentsmitglieder; Einstellung zur Legalisierung der Sterbehilfe (Euthanasie); Einstellung zur Todesstrafe; Einstellung zum Umgang mit Straftätern; Einstellung zur Verantwortung der Regierung für Einkommenstransfer von einkommensstarken zu einkommensschwachen Familien; Parteipräferenz; Parteien, die in der Lage sind Regierungsverantwortung zu übernehmen; Einstellung zu einem steigenden Ausländeranteil in der Nachbarschaft; Kriminalitätsbelastung: gefährliche Wohngegend; Viktimisierung: erlebter Hauseinbruch oder Überfall; Unternehmensethik und umweltfreundliches Verhalten eines Unternehmens als Motiv für die Änderung des persönlichen Kaufverhaltens; Einstellung zu ausgewählten politischen Aussagen bezüglich Kindergeld, Abschaffung von Studiengebühren und Autobahngebühren, Reduzierung der CO2 Emissionen, Anhebung der Mindestlöhne, gleiche Entlohnung für gleiche Arbeit, Aufhebung des Steuerabzugs für den Ehepartner; angemessener Prozentsatz der Konsumsteuer; politisches Verhalten von Parteien entsprechend dem Parteiprogramm versus situationsgemäß; Organspendeausweis; Organspendebereitschaft bei festgestelltem Hirntod; Bereitschaft zu einer Herztransplantation; Meinung zur neu eingeführten japanischen Schöffengerichtsbarkeit; Meinung zur Verhängung der Todesstrafe für Kapitalverbrechen durch Schöffen.
Familie und soziales Umfeld: Ideale Kinderzahl; Präferenz für Junge oder Mädchen bei Einzelkind; Einstellung zum Drei-Generationen-Haushalt; präferierte Form der eigenen Beisetzung; Gründe gegen eine Grabstelle bzw. für den Wunsch nach einem Gemeinschaftsgrab oder nach Einäscherung; Einstellung zur Wahl des Ehenamens; Meinung zum Familiennamen für Kinder wenn verheiratete Eltern ihren Geburtsnamen behalten; Geschlechterrolle und Ehenormen: Einstellung zur Scheidung und zur Berufstätigkeit der Ehefrau; Zusammenhang zwischen Glück und Heirat; Männer und Haushaltsführung; Rolle der Frau bzw. des Mannes in Beruf und Ehe; Einfluss der Berufstätigkeit von Müttern auf die Kinder; Notwendigkeit von Kindern in einer Ehe, Karriere des Mannes wichtiger als Karriere der Frau; generelles Personenvertrauen; Einschätzung der menschlichen Natur (Skalometer: der Mensch als grundsätzlich gut oder böse); Mitgliedschaft in ausgewählten Vereinen und Organisationen; Mitgliedschaft des Haushalts in einem Nachbarschaftsverein und Teilnahmehäufigkeit bei Nachbarschaftsaktivitäten; ehrenamtliches Engagement im letzten Jahr; Religionszugehörigkeit und Religiosität; Institutionenvertrauen: Vertrauen in Großunternehmen, kirchliche Organisationen, Schulen, Ministerien und Regierungsagenturen, Gewerkschaften, Medien, Krankenhäuser, Gerichte, Wissenschaftler, Parlamentsmitglieder, Gemeinderat, Selbstverteidigungskräfte, Polizei und Finanzinstitute.
Fragebogen B: Alltag: Fernsehkonsum pro Tag; Anzahl monatlich gelesener Bücher; Häufigkeit des Zeitunglesens; Nutzungshäufigkeit eines Mobiltelefons; Versenden von E-Mails per PC bzw. Mobiltelefon; Häufigkeit von Sportaktivitäten; tatsächliche und präferierte Häufigkeit von Inlands- und Überseereisen länger als zwei Tage; Zweck dieser Reise; Häufigkeit von: Familienessen, Essen mit Freunden, Abendessen kochen, Lebensmitteleinkäufen, Wäsche waschen, Hausputz und Müll entsorgen; Häufigkeit von Videospielen bzw. Computerspielen, Lotterielose kaufen, Lotto, Toto, Pferdewetten u.a., Pachinko spielen.
Gesundheit: traumatische Erlebnisse in den letzten fünf Jahren; eigenes Glücksempfinden (EASS Skala); hauptberufliche Tätigkeit des Befragten und seiner Ehefrau bei einer gemeinnützigen Institution; empfundene Solidarität von Kollegen; eigene Solidarität gegenüber den Kollegen; Selbsteinschätzung des Gesundheitszustands; empfundene Beeinträchtigung des Alltags bei moderaten Aktivitäten und beim Treppensteigen; Beeinträchtigungen der Arbeit oder täglicher Aktivitäten in Umfang und Sorgfältigkeit aufgrund physischer oder psychischer Probleme; Beeinträchtigung der normalen Arbeit durch Schmerzen im letzten Monat bzw. der sozialen Aktivitäten durch Gesundheitsprobleme; mentale Gesundheit im letzten Monat: ruhig und ausgeglichen, energiegeladen, depressiv; chronische Krankheiten; Allergien (Neurodermitis, Heuschnupfen, Asthma, Lebensmittelallergie); Beeinträchtigung durch juckende Haut; Körpergröße in Zentimetern; Körpergewicht in Kilogramm; Rauchgewohnheiten; Raucherjahre; Trinkgewohnheiten; Häufigkeit körperlicher Aktivitäten; regelmäßige Gesundheits-Checks; Sorge um die eigene Körperform und Gründe dafür; Meinung zum eigenen Gewicht; Häufigkeit von Arztbesuchen im letzten Jahr; Verzicht auf Arztbesuch trotz Krankheit und Gründe dafür; Art der Krankenversicherung; Erfahrung mit orientalischer Medizinischer Behandlung (z.B. Akupunktur); Besorgnis über Zahlungsschwierigkeiten und zukünftig fehlenden Zugriff auf medizinische Versorgung; allgemeine Unterstützungsperson, bei finanziellen Problemen und konkrete Hilfe z.B. im Haushalt oder bei der Kinderbetreuung; Personenvertrauen; Umweltbeeinträchtigungen am Wohnort (Luft -und Wasserverschmutzung, Lärmbelästigung, Ausschluss von Tageslicht); soziale und infrastrukturelle Charakterisierung und Sicherheit der Wohngegend; Gefühl von zeitlichem Überfluss, innerer Ruhe und Einsamkeit im täglichen Leben; Häufigkeit ausgewählter Entspannung (z.B. Sauna, Natur, Musikhören); Leben genießen; Grippeschutzimpfung; Angst vor einem neuen Grippestamm; eigene bzw. Grippeerkrankung von Familienmitgliedern seit Mai 2009; pflegebedürftige Familienmitglieder; Befragter ist Hauptpflegeperson; Angst vor dem Älterwerden hinsichtlich Selbstständigkeit, eigenverantwortlichen Entscheidungen und finanzieller Abhängigkeit.
Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Ortsgröße; Fragebogenform A oder B; Interviewdauer; Interviewdatum (Monat und Tag); Abholdatum des Drop-off-Fragebogens; Gewichtungsfaktor.
Interviewerrating: Kooperationsbereitschaft des Befragten; Fragenverständnis; Charakter des Wohnumfelds; Reihenfolge von Interview und schriftlicher Befragung.
The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire. Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country. Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month. DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district. MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.
The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire. Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country. Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month. DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district. MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.
The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset.
CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module.
Themes:
MICRO-LEVEL DATA:
Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire.
Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country.
Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month.
DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district.
MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.
The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset.
CSES Variable Table The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module.
Themes:
MICRO-LEVEL DATA:
Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire.
Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country.
Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month.
DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district.
MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.
The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset.
CSES Variable Table The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module.
Themes:
MICRO-LEVEL DATA:
Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire.
Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country.
Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month.
DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district.
MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.
Das CSES Module 5 (2016-2021) legt den Schwerpunkt auf "the politics of populism", also auf Populismus. Es erforscht länderübergreifend den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Aufstieg von populistischen Parteien und der Verteilung von "populistischen" Einstellungen innerhalb der Bevölkerung. Hauptziel des Moduls ist es, die Auffassungen der BürgerInnen von politischen Eliten, gesellschaftlichen "Out-Groups" und nationaler Identität sowie die sich hieraus ergebenden Implikationen für repräsentative Demokratien zu analysieren. Die Daten erlauben es Forschenden somit, die Variation im Wettbewerb politischer Eliten und "populistischer" Einstellungen über Demokratien hinweg mit einzubeziehen, und zu untersuchen, wie solche Wahrnehmungen das Wahlverhalten von BürgerInnen beeinflussen.
