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AbstractWe study the relationship between internal migration and industrialization in the United States between 1850 and 1880. We use the Linked Representative Samples from IPUMS and find significant amounts of rural-urban and urban-urban migration in New England. Rural-urban migration was mainly driven by agricultural workers shifting to manufacturing occupations. Urban-urban migration was driven by foreign-born workers in manufacturing. We argue that rural-urban migration was a significant factor in US economic development and the structural transformation from agriculture to manufacturing.

Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- Abstract -- References -- 2 Conceptual Foundations -- Abstract -- 2.1 The Meaning of Risk -- 2.2 Explaining the Shift Towards Risk -- 2.2.1 Empirical Evidence and Shortcomings -- 2.2.2 The Centrality of the Health Sector in Driving Public Risk Debates -- 2.2.3 Language, the Media and Social Processes -- 2.2.4 Hypotheses and Research Questions -- 2.3 Linguistic Foundations -- 2.3.1 A Systemic Functional Conceptualisation of Language -- 2.3.1.1 Risk and the Experiential Metafunction -- 2.3.1.2 Risk and the Interpersonal Function: Arguability -- 2.3.2 Systemic Functional and Corpus Linguistics -- 2.4 Exploring Sociological Theories Using Corpus Linguistics -- References -- 3 Research Design and Methods -- Abstract -- 3.1 Sampling: The New York Times (1987-2014) -- 3.2 Corpus Building -- 3.3 Tools and Interface Used for Corpus Interrogation -- 3.4 Shortcomings in Computational Methods -- 3.5 The Limits of Lexicogrammatical Querying -- 3.6 Limitations of Scope -- 3.7 Summary -- References -- 4 Risk in The New York Times -- Abstract -- 4.1 Words and Wordings -- 4.1.1 How Frequently Do Risk Words Appear? -- 4.1.2 What Word Class Do Risk Words Have? -- 4.1.3 Which Experiential Roles Do Risk Words Occupy? -- 4.1.4 What Processes Are Involved When Risk Is a Participant? -- 4.1.5 How Are Participant Risks Modified? -- 4.1.6 What Kinds of Risk Processes Are There, and What Are Their Relative Frequencies? -- 4.1.7 When Risk Is a Process, What Participants Are Involved? -- 4.1.7.1 Riskers -- 4.1.7.2 Valued Objects and Negative Outcomes -- 4.1.8 When Risk Is a Modifier, What Are the Most Common Forms? -- 4.1.9 When Risk Is a Modifier, What Is Being Modified? -- 4.1.10 Which Proper Nouns Co-occur with Risk? -- 4.1.11 Summary

We analyze the effects of the Married Women's Property Acts and Earnings Acts (EAs) on divorce rates in the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century United States. We find that the property acts increased divorce rates, which is consistent with the predicted outcome, in household extensive bargaining models, of an increase in the married woman's relative bargaining power. We also find some evidence that the EAs had a positive effect on divorce rates, though it is not statistically significant after accounting for the possibility that divorce rates changed prior to the enactment of an EA. To support our causal argument, we control for regional trends in the divorce rate and account for the timing of the laws' effects. We also assess alternative explanations for the rise in divorce rates during the late nineteenth century, including age structure, divorce law, urbanization, economic development, and foreign immigration, and we find that only age structure and urbanization positively affected divorce rates along with the property acts. Finally, we provide support for our argument from court cases in which the acts were used to defend a woman's property rights against claims from her ex-husband.