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AbstractUsing estimates of protection in the EU market against US exports, this paper illustrates the relative importance of natural and policy sources of protection and the measurement errors induced in the measurement of effective protection by omitting transactions costs. It also considers protection in the EU 'domestic' and export market, and the implications of the elimination of tariff barriers only on relative rates of protection in 'domestic' and export markets.

Using estimates of protection in the EU market against US exports, this paper illustrates the relative importance of natural & policy sources of protection & the measurement errors induced in the measurement of effective protection by omitting transactions costs. It also considers protection in the EU 'domestic' & export market, & the implications of the elimination of tariff barriers only on relative rates of protection in 'domestic' & export markets. 5 Tables, 1 Figure, 1 Appendix, 19 References. Adapted from the source document.

Four new issues were discussed at the Singapore Ministerial meeting — labour standards, trade and the environment, trade and investment, and competition policy. The arguments for and against each of these are examined.

Gegenüber dem klassischen Zwei-Sektoren-Modell des Handels bietet ein Drei-Sektoren-Modell unter Einbeziehung von Nichthandelsgütern bei der Untersuchung von für bestimmte Veränderungen der relativen Preise erforderlichen Gleichgewichtsbedingungen und wirtschaftspolitischen Interventionen eine größere analytische Schärfe und eine breitere Auswahl von ex-ante-Handelsstrategien zur effektiven Protektion nationaler Produktionsstrukturen. Als Fallbeispiel dient hier Barbados. (DSE/DÜI)

Demonstrates the implications of imperfect substitutability between
domestic and imported final goods for the determination of second‐best
nominal and effective tariffs in a general equilibrium setting. The
analysis of second‐best interventions for given policy distortions
extends that by Ruffin and Casas on homogeneous goods to the case where
there is product heterogeneity. The second‐best optimal effective rate
of protection for given policy distortions is shown to depend upon the
nature of the policy distortion and the degree of substitutability
between imported and domestic varieties. Although imperfect substitution
reduces the extent to which effective protection can be determined from
the structure of protection, it increases the extent to which second
best tariffs can be determined in a qualitative sense at least when
compared with the traditional, perfect substitution case.

True protection concepts seek to measure the net or relative price
effects of commercial policy interventions within a general equilibrium
framework. True protection depends on substitutional relationships
between sectors within an economy, which are influenced by factor
endowments, and the resulting arrangement of factor intensities between
the importables, non‐tradables and exportables sectors. Articles by
Sjaastad and Clements (1981, 1984) have explored true protection and the
incidence of protection for the case where importables are not
substitutes for exportables. This case can be applied to
"capital‐poor" developing countries. It establishes that the
export sector is likely to bear the principal burden of import
protection. This article compares and contrasts the results of the
"capital‐poor" model with those for a
"capital‐rich" model, in which it is the non‐tradable sector
on which the principal burden of import protection is likely to fall,
i.e. it tends to promote exportables, but not exports.