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THIS PAPER STUDIES THE PARADOX OF THE MODERN PRESIDENCY: THAT NEVER BEFORE HAS THE OFFICE BEEN SO HIGHLY PERSONALIZED, BUT AT THE SAME TIME NEVER BEFORE HAVE PRESIDENTS BEEN FORCED TO CONTEND WITH INSTITUTIONAL FORCES WHICH DROWN OUT THEIR OWN VOICES. STILL, THE GREATEST SUCCESSES OF MODERN PRESIDENTS HAVE BEEN ACHIEVED ON THEIR OWN.

COUNSELLOR TO THE PRESIDENT, EDWIN MEESE, ANSWERS QUESTIONS RELATED TO HIS PAPER IN THE SPRING 1983 ISSUE OF PSQ. THE ROLE WHICH THE ABILITY OF THE PRESIDENT TO CHANGE OR TO FORMULATE THE INSTITUTIONAL PRESIDENCY AROUND HIS STYLE IS DISCUSSED WITH REGARDS TO JIMMY CARTER, AND RICHARD NIXON. THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE IMAGE OF RICHARD NIXON IS IMPROVING WITH TIME IS ALSO DISCUSSED.

THE US CONSTITUTION'S GREATEST SUCCESS IS PROBABLY ITS ENDURING CAPACITY TO PROVIDE A STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT THAT HAS SUCCEEDED IN SECURING AND MAINTAINING LIBERTY FOR ALL.

MEESE ATTEMPTS TO INTERPRET THE CONSTITUTION TO JUSTIFY THE APPROACH THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION AND THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE HAVE TAKEN TO ITS FUNDAMENTALS.

THE IDEA OF PERSONALITY HAS NOT ALWAYS HELD SUCH AN INTENSE INTEREST FOR PRESIDENTIAL SCHOLARS. A CENTURY AGO POLITICAL PARTIES GOVERNED AND PRESIDENTS WERE MOUTH PIECES FOR THE PARTIES. NOW THE PARTY SERVES TO PROVIDE THE PARAMETERS WITHIN WHICH A PRESIDENT OPERATES AND PROVIDES A BASIS OF SUPPORT FOR HIM THROUGHOUT HIS INCUMBENCY. PERSONALITY IS MORE IMPORTANT NOW AND THE PROBLEM IS TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IN THE PERSONAL PAST FORESHADOWS IN THE PRESIDENTIAL FUTURE.

Purpose: To evaluate conjunctival cell microRNA (miRNAs) and mRNA expression in relation to observed phenotype of progressive limbal stem cell deficiency in a cohort of subjects with congenital aniridia with known genetic status. Methods: Using impression cytology, bulbar conjunctival cells were sampled from 20 subjects with congenital aniridia and 20 age and sex-matched healthy control subjects. RNA was extracted and miRNA and mRNA analyses were performed using microarrays. Results were related to severity of keratopathy and genetic cause of aniridia. Results: Of 2549 miRNAs, 21 were differentially expressed in aniridia relative to controls (fold change = +1.5). Among these miR-204-5p, an inhibitor of corneal neovascularization, was downregulated 26.8-fold in severely vascularized corneas. At the mRNA level, 539 transcripts were differentially expressed (fold change = +2), among these FOSB and FOS were upregulated 17.5 and 9.7-fold respectively, and JUN by 2.9-fold, all being components of the AP-1 transcription factor complex. Pathway analysis revealed enrichment of PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and Ras signaling pathways in aniridia. For several miRNAs and transcripts regulating retinoic acid metabolism, expression levels correlated with keratopathy severity and genetic status. Conclusion: Strong dysregulation of key factors at the miRNA and mRNA level suggests that the conjunctiva in aniridia is abnormally maintained in a pro-angiogenic and proliferative state, and these changes are expressed in a PAX6 mutation-dependent manner. Additionally, retinoic acid metabolism is disrupted in severe, but not mild forms of the limbal stem cell deficiency in aniridia. ; Funding Agencies|Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Foundation in Mannheim Germany; European Union COST Action [CA18116]; HOMFOR