Analyzes the student antisweatshop movement in the US & its efforts to employ codes of conduct to secure improved conditions for workers in the international apparel industry. After discussing the globalization of that industry, focus shifts to the content of the codes of conduct that have been suggested by the student movement, on the one hand, & the members of the Apparel Industry Partnership, on the other. A critique of the strategy of relying on codes of conduct is offered, & it is suggested that the pursuit of workers' rights should be sought in a strengthened International Labor Organization. 22 References. Adapted from the source document.
IN PROMOTING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ONE MUST FIND THE MEANS BY WHICH A PATTERN OF SUSTAINED TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, RESULTING IN INCREASING OUTPUT AND INCOME, CAN BE ACHIEVED. SEEN IN THIS WAY, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IS ONLY THE PROXIMATE, NOT THE BASIC AND ULTIMATE, SOURCE OF MODERN ECONOMIC GROWTH. IT IS TRUE THAT PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IS THE PRIMARY MEANS BY WHICH A LONG-TERM INCREASE IN PRODUCTION IS ACHIEVED; BUT FOR NEW TECHNOLOGY ITSELF "TO BE EMPLOYED EFFICIENTLY AND WIDELY, AND INDEED, FOR ITS OWN PROGRESS TO BE STIMULATED," WRITES SIMON KUZNETS (1973: 65), "INSTITUTIONAL AND IDEOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENTS MUST BE MADE" THUS, IF ADVANCING TECHNOLOGY IS A SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH, IT IS NECESSARY TO CREATE AN INSTUTIONAL CONTEXT IN WHICH THE APPLICATION OF MODERN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING TO LOCAL PRODUCTION IS FEASIBLE AND IS ENCOURAGED. FAILING TO ESTABLISH SUCH A DOMESTIC INSTUTIONAL CONTEXT, ANY NATION-SOCIALIST OR NONSOCIALIST-IS SEVERELY HANDICAPPED IN ITS EFFORT TO ACHIEVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH INSTITUTIONS ARE NOT PRESENT, A NATION'S GROWTH WILL BE DEPENDENT UPON THE IMPORTATION OF RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION METHODS FROM ABROAD. GROWTH IN OUTPUT MAY OCCUR IN THIS WAY; THE HOST COUNTRY MAY, IN FACT, BE THE BENEFICIARY OF FAVORABLE RESOURCE FLOWS. BUT SUCH GROWTH WILL BE AT GREAT RISK. A DECREASE IN THE INFLOW WILL SLOW THE RATE OF GROWTH, AND THE COUNTRY WILL BE POORLY EQUIPPED TO GENERATE A COMPENSATING ROUND OF GROWTH BASED UPON ITS PY: 1984
THE CRUMBLING OF THE COMMUNIST REGIMES IN EASTERN EUROPE HAVE GIVEN RISE TO CONCERNS OF THE LEFT OVER THE NATURE OF NEW REGIMES, IN THIS ARTICLE THE LEFT ASSESSES THE ARRAY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRUCTURES THAT SEEM LIKELY TO APPEAR IN THE NEAR FUTURE THE LEFT, IN ORDER TO DECIDE WHETHER AND HOW THE EMERGING POLITICS CAN BE CHARACTERIZED AS SOCIALIST MUST ASK WHAT THEY MEAN BY THE TERM SOCIALIST. ALSO, WITH CENTRAL EUROPEAN COMMUNIST RULE DESTROYED, THE CRITERIA WHICH THE LEFT MUST INVOKE TO ASSESS THE SOCIAL STRUCTURES THAT EMERGE IS EXPLORED IN THIS ARTICLE.
CONTINUING EDUCATION IS A CENTRAL CONCERN IN THE PROMOTION OF LONGTERM ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. PRECISELY BECAUSE ECONOMIC GROWTH REQUIRES THE CONTINUOUS APPLICATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE TO PRODUCTION, THE LABOR FORCE MUST CONSTANTLY UPGRADE ITS SKILLS TO BE ABLE TO WORK EFFICIENTLY WITH THE NEW TECHNOLOGY AND PROMOTE ITS ADOPTION. A RECENT STUDY ESTIMATES THAT BY THE YEAR 2000 "SEVENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF ALL WORKERS CURRENTLY EMPLOYED WILL NEED TO BE RETRAINED BECAUSE OF JOB CHANGES THAT WILL REQUIRE IMPROVED SKILLS." LIFETIME LEARNING IS ESSENTIAL FOR A POPULATION TO REMAIN COMPETENT AND KEEP PACE IN AN INCREASINGLY COMPETITIVE WORLD.
THIS PIECE EXPLAINS ECONOMIC POLICIES WHICH THE AUTHORS RECOMMEND THAT "THE LEFT" SHOULD PROPOSE AND SUPPORT FOR MANAGING THE UNITED STATES' ECONOMY IN THE FUTURE. A PRINCIPAL POLICY IN THIS REGARD IS THE REDUCTION OF THE INDEBTEDNESS OF THE UNITED STATES TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND THEIR BUSINESSES.
ON TUESDAY OCTOBER 20, 1987, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL REPORTED THAT "THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE DIED." WITHIN AN HOUR OR SO AFTER ITS DEATH, THE MARKET WAS REBORN. THE MANNER OF ITS REBIRTH DEMONSTRATES THAT NO ONE, NOT EVEN AN AYN RAND DISCIPLE SUCH AS FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD CHAIRPERSON ALAN GREENSPAN, REALLY BELIEVES THAT MARKETS SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO FUNCTION FREELY, WITHOUT INTERVENTION. BUT THE "CORRECTNESS" OF STATE INTERVENTION IN THIS CASE RAISES THE QUESTION OF WHY IT WOULD NOT BE CORRECT IN OTHER MARKETS. THE ANSWER IS THAT SIMILAR INTERVENTIONS ARE DESIRABLE. SOCIALLY IMPORTANT ISSUES SUCH AS THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME, THE COMPOSITION OF OUTPUT, ECOLOGICAL ISSUES, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION ARE DETERMINED IN THE MARKET. IN EACH CASE THEIR RESOLUTION SHOULD BE SUBJECTED TO A DEMOCRATIC EVALUATION, AND WHERE NECESSARY, A CORRECTIVE POLICY.
