Suchergebnisse

Tumors of Central Nervous System (CNS) are most seen solid tumor in childhood. Accounting approximate 25–30% of pediatric neoplasms, treatments on these tumors are complicated as they occur in different age ranges, have various types according to classification system and contain different characteristic molecular profiles. There are huge gaps of medical services for children with CNS tumors in different regions in China, which is blamed to limited medical resources and lack of epidemiology data for Chinese population. After the establishment of CNOG (Children's Neuro-Oncology Group) in China in 2017, national wide registry (CNOG-MC001) was conducted to collect data on the basic information about pediatric tumors of CNS. Results of 4059 cases from 37 centers providing medical services for pediatric CNS tumors in 25 provinces from 6 greater administrative areas in China showed distinct tumor ratio, compared to worldwide data by WHO classification. The mean of age was 8.01 ± 4.73, with a male vs. female ratio as 1.48 to 1. Embryonal tumor, astrocytic & oligodendroglial tumors, and other astrocytic tumors were three most common tumor types in CNS of children. The lost follow-up rate was surprisingly high as 53.07%. In all, this is the first national wide registry for pediatric CNS tumor in China and the results attracted public and government's attentions for further epidemic investigations.

Objectives and contributions. The main objective of this research was to provide a review and synthesis of the published literature concerning taxpayers' attitudes toward tax compliance in developed and developing countries. This study has made an important contribution to tax attitude literature. In particular, this study has helped to clarify the relationship between determinants and tax compliance attitudes, highlighting gaps in the existing literature, thereby providing direction for future researchers. Findings. The findings of this study reveal that some determinants have significant impacts on tax compliance attitudes in both developed and developing countries such as socio-demographic factors (marital status and occupational status); economic factors (tax rate and probability of detection); reciprocity (trust in government and fairness); peer influence and culture. Some determinants have generally been found to have a positive correlation between tax compliance attitudes in developed countries such as age, gender and direct democracy; however, these determinants have been shown to have no significant effects on tax compliance attitudes in developing countries. Some determinants such as tax knowledge only influence tax compliance attitudes in developing countries. Determinants such as income level have produced very mixed results and remain uncertain in both developed and developing countries. Some determinants such as national pride and religiosity have been found to have a positive correlation with positive attitudes toward tax compliance in developed countries; however, there are lack of studies on the impact of these determinants in developing countries. Conclusion. The findings suggest that in order to improve the willingness of taxpayers to comply with tax laws, the tax authorities should monitor more closely those who may not perceive fairness and trustworthiness in the tax laws. Based on the analysis above, taxpayers who are singles and self-employed, those who have not been audited in the past, those whose perceive the tax rate as too high and those who comes from countries that have a higher level of uncertainty avoidance and a lower level of individualism should be the focus of efforts to improve their tax compliance attitudes. The results also suggest that to improve tax compliance attitudes the tax revenue authorities should target taxpayers those who are younger, male and do not perceive direct democracy in developed countries, as well as taxpayers who have a low level of tax knowledge in developing countries.

Brander and Spencer (1988) and Bandyopadhyay et al. (2000) imply that the robust trade policy recommendation toward a unionized duopoly is an export subsidy. In this paper, we show that we cannot get such a result even in the linear case if the opportunity cost of public funds is sufficiently high. However, if we consider the case where the domestic firm and the trade union lobby the government to set favorable trade policies by giving the government political contributions, then the result of robustness will be restored if the government cares about political contributions sufficiently relative to national welfare.

AbstractWhen women of childbearing age gain health insurance, comparing birth outcomes that occur before and after policy changes may confound two separate impacts of coverage. Health insurance could affect who gives birth and also directly improve maternal and child health. We address this question using the Affordable Care Act young adult provision, comparing birth outcomes of 24–25 years to outcomes among older young adults. We show that the composition of mothers shifted toward less advantaged groups. Accounting for this shift, we find direct improvements in prenatal care and pregnancy‐related health but no statistically significant improvements in infant health.

PurposeResearch concludes that supervisor conflict is a primary antecedent of employee counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs). However, previous studies mainly focused on direct supervisor conflict, with indirect supervisor conflict understudied. To fill the research gap, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between indirect supervisor conflict and employee CWBs and the buffering effect of emotional intelligence on indirect supervisor conflict–CWB relationships in two studies.Design/methodology/approachThe study used time-lagged design (Study 1) and longitudinal design (Study 2) with multisource data to test the theoretical model presented in this study.FindingsThe positive relationship between indirect supervisor conflict and CWBs were consistently supported with self-report CWBs but not with coworker-report CWBs. SEA and OEA were found to buffer the indirect supervisor conflict–CWB relationships with both self-report and coworker-report CWBs.Originality/valueThe study suggests that while covert and implicit, indirect supervisor conflict could drive employees to engage in CWBs that impose a threat to organization and its members. The emotional-appraisal aspect of emotional intelligence (i.e. SEA and OEA) could help employees to better cope with indirect supervisor conflict and mitigate employees' engagement in CWBs.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), an aggressive brain tumor, is characterized histologically by the presence of a necrotic center surrounded by so-called pseudopalisading cells. Pseudopalisading necrosis has long been used as a prognostic feature. However, the underlying molecular mechanism regulating the progression of GBMs remains unclear. We hypothesized that the gene expression profiles of individual cancers, specifically necrosis-related genes, would provide objective information that would allow for the creation of a prognostic index. Gene expression profiles of necrotic and nonnecrotic areas were obtained from the Ivy Glioblastoma Atlas Project (IVY GAP) database to explore the differentially expressed genes.A robust signature of seven genes was identified as a predictor for glioblastoma and low-grade glioma (GBM/LGG) in patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. This set of genes was able to stratify GBM/LGG and GBM patients into high-risk and low-risk groups in the training set as well as the validation set. The TCGA, Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (Rembrandt), and GSE16011 databases were then used to validate the expression level of these seven genes in GBMs and LGGs. Finally, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the high-risk and low-risk groups were subjected to gene ontology enrichment, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway, and gene set enrichment analyses, and they revealed that these DEGs were associated with immune and inflammatory responses. In conclusion, our study identified a novel seven-gene signature that may guide the prognostic prediction and development of therapeutic applications.

Faced with the opportunities and challenges in the era of "we media" in universities, this paper proposes to give full play to the backbone of students in Ideological and political propaganda work. Using the "Olympic" mechanism to train and guide them systematically, enhance their ideological awareness, improve their knowledge reserves, optimize their propaganda level. In this way, the backbone of students in Ideological and political propaganda work can really help the ideological and political education in Colleges and universities.

AbstractThis paper studies how firms choose their product differentiation levels when they engage in third‐degree price discrimination in the following product market competition in a location‐price model. We show that firms will not choose to locate at the two endpoints if different consumer groups have similar sizes. Hence, the principle of maximum differentiation does not hold, resulting in a more intense product market price competition. Only if the size of one group of consumers is sufficiently larger than that of the other group, would firms make their products as differentiated as possible by choosing the two endpoints as their locations.

ABSTRACTWe examine the FDI versus exports decision of a multiproduct multinational firm which supplies vertically differentiated products, and show that the proximity‐concentration trade‐off can generate FDI‐export coexistence, i.e., the firm supplies the low‐quality products through FDI and the high‐quality products through exports. We also show that the opposite can never happen. Moreover, when the multiproduct multinational firm faces price competition in the target markets, it has an incentive to use trade costs to soften price competition, which can reduce its FDI incentive.