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World Affairs Online
Особливості технологій політичної пропаганди
In: Hrani: naukovo-teoretyčnyj alʹmanach, Band 21, Heft 2, S. 141-149
ISSN: 2413-8738
Стаття ставить проблему технологій політичної пропаганди як ефективних інструментів її здійснення. Завдяки застосуванню технологічного підходу автору вдалося виокремити та проаналізувати основні технології політичної пропаганди. Автор доводить, що технології пропаганди виконують важливу роль у здобутті, утриманні та реалізації політичної влади. Він обґрунтовує думку, що технології пропаганди бувають універсальними, які можуть бути ефективними в будь-якій ситуації, і специфічними, що застосовуються в строго особливих ситуаціях, зокрема, в умовах війни, виборів або підйому народного невдоволення. На основі характеру впливу технології пропаганди автор поділяє на жорсткі та м'які, за орієнтацією впливу (на мислення чи поведінку людини) – когнітивно-структуруючі і поведінково-конституюючі. До когнітивно-структуруючих технологій пропаганди він зараховує фреймінг, праймінг, символізацію, ритуалізацію, міфологізацію, політичний моккінг, віртуалізацію. До поведінково-конституюючих належать такі технології пропаганди, як іміджмейкінг, паблік рілейшнз, ціннісно-мобілізуючі, нормоутворюючі та маніпулятивні технології.
Peculiarities of political propaganda technologies ; Особенности технологий политической пропаганды ; Особливості технологій політичної пропаганди
Understanding the technological dimension of political propaganda is one of the main objectives of its research. It is this dimension that makes it possible to define propaganda as a system of methods, techniques and technologies aimed at forming the context of perception of political reality that is desirable for its subject. In the context of the Russian aggression on the Ukrainian lands, which is accompanied by unheard of propaganda influence on the consciousness and behavior of the citizens of our state, the study of political propaganda in the technological aspect is certainly useful and relevant. Propaganda technologies focus on the introduction into the mass consciousness of the necessary stereotypes, patterns, opinions and ideas aimed at consolidating and forming a sense of psychological unity. These technologies may involve various messages, including advertising or entertainment ones. At the same time, the central part of propaganda technologies is the creation of cognitive schemes that allow to impose a certain interpretation of events, and the main task of propaganda content is to diffuse ideas about political reality, focus on a certain mode of action. The subjects of political propaganda may be the state, political parties and movements, public organizations, as well as opinion leaders, but in any case these subjects must have certain resources of power in order to influence the objects of propaganda. The typology of propaganda technologies depends on the criteria chosen. So, in accordance with the basis of the method of action there can be identified technologies of direct or indirect effects. In the first case, there is a direct communication of the subject with the object of propaganda through the organization and conduct of mass events: meetings, demonstrations, pickets, meetings, concerts. In the second case, the presence of the mediator is mandatory. Its role can be played by various social actors – media, opinion leaders, public organizations, as well as other tools of mass communication. The main dominant feature of modern propaganda technologies is manipulation. Within the propaganda process, manipulation can be considered as the use of illegitimate influence by means of discourse: manipulators make others do what is in their interests and contrary to the interests of those who are objects of manipulation. Propaganda technologies are institutional in nature, they operate continuously and rely on propaganda mechanisms. If the propaganda technique is a simple reference to the culprit of a certain problem, a solution and a response, for example, in elections, any propaganda technology creates ideology, symbolism and imagination of interaction between the roles of the enemy, friend, their supporters and assistants. As a result of the propaganda technology another imaginary reality is created. The impact of technology is the creation of a special world. The author comprehends the peculiarities of such propaganda technologies: framing, priming, symbolization, ritualitization, mythologization, political mocking, virtualization, image-making, public relations, psychological, value-mobilizing, norm-setting and manipulative ones. ; Статья ставит проблему технологий политической пропаганды как эффективных инструментов ее осуществления. Благодаря применению технологического подхода автору удалось выделить и проанализировать основные технологии политической пропаганды. Автор доказывает, что технологии пропаганды выполняют важную роль в завоевании, удержании и реализации политической власти. Он обосновывает мысль, что технологии пропаганды бывают универсальными, которые могут быть эффективными в любой ситуации, и специфическими, что могут применяться в строго особых ситуациях, в частности, в условиях войны, выборов или подъема народного недовольства. На основе характера воздействия технологии пропаганды автор разделяет на жесткие и мягкие, исходя из ориентации влияния (на мышление или поведение человека) – на когнитивно-структурирующие и поведенческо-конституирующие. К когнитивно-структурирующим технологиям пропаганды он относит фрейминг, прайминг, символизацию, ритуализацию, мифологизацию, политический моккинг, виртуализацию. К поведенчески-конституирующим относятся такие технологии пропаганды как имиджмейкинг, паблик рилейшнз, ценностно-мобилизирующие, нормоустанавливающие и манипулятивные технологии. ; Стаття ставить проблему технологій політичної пропаганди як ефективних інструментів її здійснення. Завдяки застосуванню технологічного підходу автору вдалося виокремити та проаналізувати основні технології політичної пропаганди. Автор доводить, що технології пропаганди виконують важливу роль у здобутті, утриманні та реалізації політичної влади. Він обґрунтовує думку, що технології пропаганди бувають універсальними, які можуть бути ефективними в будь-якій ситуації, і специфічними, що застосовуються в строго особливих ситуаціях, зокрема, в умовах війни, виборів або підйому народного невдоволення. На основі характеру впливу технології пропаганди автор поділяє на жорсткі та м'які, за орієнтацією впливу (на мислення чи поведінку людини) – когнітивно-структуруючі і поведінково-конституюючі. До когнітивно-структуруючих технологій пропаганди він зараховує фреймінг, праймінг, символізацію, ритуалізацію, міфологізацію, політичний моккінг, віртуалізацію. До поведінково-конституюючих належать такі технології пропаганди, як іміджмейкінг, паблік рілейшнз, ціннісно-мобілізуючі, нормоутворюючі та маніпулятивні технології.
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The Bourgeois State and Regional Economic Development
In: Problems of economics, Band 14, Heft 1-2, S. 124-143
The bourgeois state and regional economic development
In: Problems of economics: selected articles from Soviet economics journals in English translation, Band 14, S. 93-108
ISSN: 0032-9436
The Role of the Process Management Model in Increasing the Competitiveness of Repair Enterprises
In: Mir ėkonomiki i upravelenija: World of economics and management, Band 23, Heft 4, S. 150-167
ISSN: 2658-5375
World Affairs Online
The performance of wild-canid traps in Australia: efficiency, selectivity and trap-related injuries
In: Wildlife research, Band 25, Heft 3, S. 327
ISSN: 1448-5494, 1035-3712
Wild dogs and European red foxes are considered pest animals in Australia.
Restraining devices to capture these wild canids are sometimes required by
wildlife managers. However, the use of traps is controversial. This paper
discusses the efficiency, selectivity and injuries inflicted by some leg-hold
traps that are available in Australia for capturing wild canids. The trapping
of feral cats with wild-canid traps is also briefly discussed.
The most commonly used leg-hold trap in Australia is the toothed, steel-jawed,
leg-hold trap. Alternative traps, including offset- and padded-jawed traps
(similar to the Victor Soft Catch®), and steel-jawed
traps that have been modified to incorporate padding and off-setting of jaws,
were shown to be preferable. The alternative traps were as efficient and
selective as toothed, steel-jawed traps, but were less injurious. The Treadle
snare, although more likely to miss target animals, was also shown to be less
injurious than unmodified, steel-jawed leg-hold traps. It is difficult to
justify the continued use of unmodified, steel-jawed leg-hold traps for the
capture of wild canids in Australia.
Effect of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on planned cancer surgery for 15 tumour types in 61 countries: an international, prospective, cohort study
Background: Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods: This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings: Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16-30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77-0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50-0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80-0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54-0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation: Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services.
BASE
Effect of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on planned cancer surgery for 15 tumour types in 61 countries: an international, prospective, cohort study
Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.
BASE
Effect of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on planned cancer surgery for 15 tumour types in 61 countries: an international, prospective, cohort study
Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long- term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.
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