Os apoiadores de migrantes irregulares desempenham um papel importante nas interações entre migrantes irregulares e o Estado. Este artigo tem como objetivo esclarecer a variedade de atores envolvidos no apoio a migrantes irregulares e que tipo de ajuda eles fornecem. O artigo pergunta se esse tipo de ajuda deve ser visto como puramente humanitário ou como uma forma de ação política; e descreve uma escala que varia de ajuda prática a ajuda política. No meio a formas híbridas de ajuda, enfatiza como as práticas cotidianas podem ser consideradas políticas de maneira sutil ou indireta. ; Supporters of irregular migrants play an important role in the interactions between irregular migrants and the state. This article aims to shed light on the variety of actors involved in the support of irregular migrants and what kind of help they provide. The article asks whether this kind of help should be seen as purely humanitarian or as a form of political action; and describes a scale ranging from practical help to political help. With forms of hybrid help in between, to emphasize how everyday practices can be considered political in subtle or indirect ways.
Through everyday practices, excluded and marginalised undocumented migrants struggle for citizenship, question bordering practices, and can achieve forms of inclusion incrementally. Based on an ethnographic case study in Amsterdam, this article evidences and theorises these piecemeal struggles of undocumented migrants. We show how undocumented migrants—discursively and spatially—claim 'the right to have rights'. We demonstrate how forms of inclusion emerge as the result of 'claim-making': by making appeals to human rights, the use of (limited) legal rights, and identity claims. We combine the analysis of claim-making with research into an understudied but highly relevant process of 'claim-placing', which refers to how the use (public) spaces and places can add weight to discursive claim-making. We demonstrate that an incremental process of 'claim-making' and 'claim-placing' leads to a slightly increased recognition as political subjects and forms of inclusion.
The multi-level governance (MLG) approach is widely used to understand the complex processes of immigration policymaking. In this literature review, we consider both (i) the vertical dimension of MLG: the local, regional, national, European, or even global level; and (ii) the horizontal dimension of MLG: the relations between public and non-public actors. While focusing on the local level, this review identifies a trend regarding, on the one hand, local processes of bordering, and local policies of inclusion on the other. Furthermore, the article reviews how civil society has responded to the arrival of refugees. It identifies how this literature pays insufficient attention to dimensions of conflict and, more specifically, to how local borders can be challenged. Moreover, it shows a lack of attention to anti-migrant responses, and to the interaction between migrants and civil society regarding immigration governance. Concluding, the paper argues for the adoption of a "battleground" perspective as a more dynamic basis for the MLG approach. ; L'approche théorique de la gouvernance multi-niveaux (GMN) est largement utilisée pour comprendre les processus complexes d'élaboration des politiques migratoires. Dans cet article, nous proposons, sous la forme d'un état de l'art, une analyse de la dimension verticale (niveau local, régional, national, européen ou mondial) et horizontale (relations entre acteurs publics et non publics) de la GMN. Centré sur le niveau local et sur les questions d'asile, cet article identifie une tendance concernant, d'une part, les processus locaux de définition des frontières, et d'autre part, les politiques locales d'inclusion. En outre, nous examinons comment la société civile a réagi face aux arrivées de réfugiés. L'article montre que la littérature sur la GMN n'a pas accordé assez d'attention à la question du conflit et à la façon dont celui-ci peut déplacer les frontières sociales au niveau local. La littérature a insuffisamment abordé les mobilisations anti-migrants et les interactions entre migrants et société civile. En conclusion, nous ajoutons que le concept de « champ de bataille » (Battlegrounds) permet une compréhension plus dynamique de la GMN. ; La gobernanza multinivel (MLG por su acrónimo inglés) es un enfoque ampliamente utilizado para comprender los complejos procesos de formulación de políticas públicas en torno al tema de la inmigración. Esta revisión de la literatura analiza tanto la dimensión vertical de la MLG: el nivel local, regional, nacional, europeo o incluso global; como la dimensión horizontal de la misma: las relaciones entre actores públicos y no públicos. Centrándose en el nivel local y particularmente en el tema del asilo, esta revisión bibliográfica identifica una tendencia con respecto a los procesos locales de frontera por un lado, y las políticas locales de inclusión por el otro. Las dimensiones del conflicto y el cómo se desafían las fronteras locales no se tratan exhaustivamente en este documento. Sin embargo, a este respecto revisamos cómo la sociedad civil ha respondido a la llegada de refugiados. Esta literatura no ha otorgado suficiente atención a las respuestas anti-inmigrantes, y a cómo la sociedad civil y los migrantes interactúan en relación a la gobernanza de la inmigración. Concluimos elaborando sobre la manera en la que un marco conceptual en términos de «campo de batalla» (Battlegrounds) permite aplicar una perspectiva dinámica al entendimiento de la gobernanza multinivel o MLG.
