Suchergebnisse

The purpose of this paper is to throw some light on the labour
force in Pakistan with respect to its participation in agriculture and
non-agricultural activity over the period 1961 through 1971; in addition
some comparison is provided between the activity rates of 1951 and 1961.
Finally some tentative explanations of the behaviour of labour force
participation rates over the last decade are offered. The data on which
this study is based has been drawn from the 1951 and 1961 Censuses of
Pakistan and from the Labour Force Survey of the Statistical Division,
which is carried out as a regular sample enquiry on national basis since
1963. The data from these surveys has been used to provide esti¬mates of
economic activity for each year up to 1971. The population census of
1972 did not collect information on labour force activity

It is universally accepted and advocated that without
community involvement and participation, development initiatives either
in the economic or social sector, have little chances of
success/sustainability, especially at the grassroots level, where the
majority of the country's population lives [AKRSP (1984, 1999); FAO
(1989); Khan et al. (1984) and Mustafa (1998)]. In this connection the
concept and approaches of community development have been tested in
Northern Areas of Pakistan and the principles and experiences have been
replicated in some other parts of the country by Non Government
Organisations (NGOs), different national and international government
projects and programmes [Mustafa and Grunewald (1996); NRMP (1993) and
NRSP (1995)]. The need for conceptualising a realistic framework for
collaboration between government/other development agencies and
community organisations engaged in pursuit of both social and economic
goals is imperative for an equitable and sustainable development because
when it comes to community involvement, the two sectors cannot be
divorced from each other [Khan (1999) and Reid and Khan
(1996)].

The responsiveness of farm entrepreneurs to changes in
agricultural prices, even in a traditional agrarian setting, is well
established. Research on Pakistan's agriculture by Afzal [1], and Gotsch
and Falcon, [6] have shown that the response of farm producers to prices
is positive and rational, and that they allocate their resources to crop
and livestock activities under the influence of prices and other
relevant economic parameters instead of being guided by sheer
traditions. Desired development objectives in the farm sector can,
therefore, be realized through judicious manipulation of the prices of
farm pro¬ducts and farm inputs. Policy makers have quite a few options
to obtain desired changes in agricultural prices. These options range
from direct intervention in the marketing of agricultural produce and
supplies, to price fixation, international trade regulation, and the
like.

In the Spring 1976 issue of the Pakistan Development Review,
Chaudhry and Javed [2] had estimated a demand function for fertilizer in
Pakistan. Based on these findings, they make a case for a 20.26 percent
per year increase in fertilizer prices. This short note points out some
errors in the analysis and raises serious questions relating to the
implications drawn by Chaudhry and Javed for the fertilizer price policy
in Pakistan. Section I argues that some conclusions drawn in the study
are internally inconsistent. Section II points out deficiencies in the
derivations of the main conclusions. Section III questtions the
appropriateness of the fertilizer price policy suggested by Chaudhry and
Javed. The final section sums up the main argument of the present
study.

This study aims to investigate the relation between globalisation, which includes foreign direct investment (FDI), exports, imports, foreign remittances and economic growth in India. To achieve the said objective, Autoregressive Distributed Lag bounds testing approach has been utilised. The study indicates that imports and FDI positively affect economic growth in India. On the other hand, exports and foreign remittances have negative and significant relationship with economic growth. This suggests that exports and foreign remittances take more time to spillover positive impact on economic performance of India. The findings suggest that FDI should be encouraged to promote exports, export-led growth and joint ventures with foreign investors in the country. JEL Codes: F30, F10, F10, F24, C22

In this paper, basic and augmented gravity model has been applied to estimate India's trade potential with Central Asian States. Panel data for the period 2000-2012 is employed in the analysis. The coefficients obtained from the gravity equations are then used to predict trade potentials between the regions. Results reveal that India's trade potential is tremendous with this region, and currently there are few geo-political issues that hinder the pathways of trade between the two regions. Specifically, the political tensions in neighbouring countries, particularly Pakistan and Afghanistan, are the major hindrances. In this context, therefore, both regions should look at ways and means to further improve their trade relations. Revival of historical and cultural links between India and Central Asian republics may prove positive in boosting bilateral trade. Adapted from the source document.

The judicial efforts at national level along with the pressure built by International community at Jometien Conference and afterwards finally led to the Constitutional Amendment in 2002 to ensure 8 years of basic schooling as a fundamental right in India. The amendment needed enabling legislation to be effective, the enactment of which was not smooth but had a long chequered history, depicting official apathy. The historic legislation was ultimately enacted in 2009 but its criticism outnumbered its main features. The paper submits the critical appraisal of the legislation which most of the critiques have neglected.Â

SummaryThis study examines the relationships between consanguineous marriages and marriage payment, using data from two Muslim qaums living in urban and rural areas in Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh, North India. Qaum and locality were found to have no significant association with the dowry system. Marriage payment is less common in consanguineous than in non-consanguineous marriages. However, the association between marriage payment and the type of marriage is significant at p<0·001. The dowry system is more prevalent among the higher socioeconomic groups, while the bride-wealth system is more common among the lower socioeconomic groups.

For working out appropriate strategies and action programmes
in order to fully utilize human resources for development and to advance
the role and the status of women in society, it is essential that the
statistical data collected on female participation in economic activity
should reflect their position adequately and accurately in all the
relevant sectors. In Pakistan, and other developing countries, the
rural-agricultural segments, in the overall population have a large
number of female workers who, directly and indirectly, contribute to
agriculture, household and other unregistered rural activities.
Similarly, in the urban organized sector, the work participation rate of
women has registered a constant increase as a result of the social,
economic and cultural changes which are taking place in these countries
due to their development programmes.

The recent literature on the theory of tariffs and trade
restrictions has emphasized the optimality of free trade policies for
both developed and develop¬ing countries. There are exceptional cases in
which trade restrictions can be justified—when, for example, a country
has monopoly power in trade or when certain "second-best" conditions are
met.1 In general, however, it is believed that a country which imposes
restrictions on its trade suffers a decline in real income. A number of
studies for both developed and developing countries have estimated the
economic benefits that would accrue to these countries from the
elimination of all trade restrictions.* The purpose of this paper is to
provide a method for measuring the economic benefits that a country
would receive as the result of the elimination of a country-specific
restriction while maintaining all restrictions applying to commodities.
Methods of measuring the static gains to a country removing commodity
restrictions are already well known and need no further elaboration. The
elimination of a country-specific restriction on trade, however,
presents a slightly different problem of measurement since the
liberalization may affect only one portion of the country's trade and
give rise to foreign exchange savings as well as the familiar gains from
reduced producers' inefficiency and increased consumers'
surplus.