Suchergebnisse

En unos momentos en los que la despoblación rural forma parte de la agenda política y de las inquietudes de la sociedad en España, y que el futuro de la Política Agraria Común (PAC) es objeto de debate, resulta oportuno considerar la relación entre el modelo agrario y la desvitalización rural. Este artículo tiene como objetivo general realizar una revisión crítica de la PAC a partir del análisis de las ayudas canalizadas desde el Fondo Europeo Agrícola de Garantía (FEAGA) hacía territorios agrarios aquejados por problemas de despoblación, como es el caso de Castilla y León. Para alcanzar ese objetivo se recurre a la explotación estadística y elaboración cartográfica de los datos de beneficiarios de fondos FEAGA. Los resultados ponen en evidencia que la PAC ha consolidado diferentes categorías de perceptores que tienen una relación desigual con actividad agraria, lo que repercute directamente en los problemas demográficos del medio rural. Se concluye aportando algunas ideas para una futura política que, frente al modelo exclusivamente productivista, favorezca alternativas donde lo agrario sobrepase su función productiva y saque fruto de su potencial para contribuir a la revitalización rural. ; At a time when rural depopulation is part of the political agenda and the concerns of Spanish society, and the future of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the subject of debate, it is appropriate to assess the relationship between the agricultural model and rural devitalization. The aim of this article is to critically review the CAP by analysing the aid channelled from the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) to agricultural territories suffering from depopulation problems, as is the case of Castilla y León. In order to achieve the objective, the statistical exploitation and cartographic elaboration of the data on beneficiaries of EAGF funds is used. The results show that the CAP has consolidated different categories of beneficiaries who perform agricultural activities in an unequal manner, which has a direct ...

La disponibilidad de abundante información estadística, en contra de lo que suele suceder, nos ha permitido establecer unas hipótesis de trabajo sugerentes, generalmente no contempladas en los planteamientos habituales de los políticos y ordenadores del territorio, sobre el mundo agrario y rural de Castilla y León. De hecho, la agricultura durante el siglo XXI ha continuado su paso inexorable hacia la modernización, tecnificación e inserción en el mercado global, lo que ha producido una disminución radical del número de explotaciones y una profesionalización de las que se han mantenido. Y, aunque estos hechos pueden parecer una crisis agraria, y así se interpretan a menudo, no lo son, salvo en determinadas ramas, por cuanto la crisis agraria acabó hace más de un decenio. Hoy, por el contrario, asistimos a una modernización de la que forman parte dos tipos de agricultores: los empresarios y los restantes, entre los que se incluye un nutrido grupo de propietarios, de poco significado económico, y un creciente número de Agricultores a Tiempo Parcial, que complementan a los empresarios. ; The availability of abundant statistical information, contrary to what normally happens, has allowed us to establish a suggestive work hypothesis, usually not considered in the approaches of politicians and experts on land use and territorial management of the agricultural and rural world of Castile and Leon. In fact, during the XXI century agriculture has continued its inexorable path towards modernization and integration into global markets, which has produced a radical reduction in the number of farms and a professionalization and entrepreneurial management of those who have remained. And while these events may seem an agrarian crisis, and thus are often interpreted, they are not, except in certain branches (milk…), as the agrarian crisis ended more than a decade ago. Today, however, we are witnessing a modernization which includes two types of farmers, the entrepreneurs and the rest, including a large group of owners of little economic significance, and an increasing number of Part Time Farmers, complementary to entrepreneurs. ; Trabajo elaborado con el apoyo del Proyecto I+D+i, de Ref. CSO2012-39564-C07-01, sobre Paisajes patrimoniales de la España interior septentrional y occidental, financiado por el MINECO.

Rotavirus interactions with endogenous cell surface receptors are of fundamental interest in virology and medicine; however, the evidence of rotavirus directly binding to the receptors and the consequent dynamic behaviors are still elusive. Force–distance curve-based atomic force microscopy allows for the extraction of biophysical properties underlying binding of single virions to receptors and clarification of the dynamics of rotavirus–receptor interactions. Unfortunately, this method is time-consuming due to the lack of automation when analyzing large data sets. Herein, rotavirus–receptor interactions and early endocytosis behaviors using automated high-throughput analysis are examined. It is demonstrated that rotavirus binds to α-linked sialic acid and α2β1 integrin. The effect of trypsinization is investigated on the capsid protein VP4 binding to the receptors. Using fluidic force microscopy, it is demonstrated that the interaction leads to α2 integrin recruitment to the cell-bound rotavirus on the plasma membrane. Further, it is illustrated that an integrin-derived peptide can impede binding and alter downstream dynamics. Taken together, these results open a new understanding of the infection mechanism of rotavirus and suggest a novel inhibitory peptide against rotavirus binding. ; This project received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 758224), from the FNRS-Welbio (grant no. CR-2019S-01), from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity BFU2013-43149-R, and from the ISCIII AESI PI20CIII/00014. ; Sí

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. ; Upon attachment to their respective receptor, human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are internalized into the host cell via different pathways but undergo similar structural changes. This ultimately results in the delivery of the viral RNA into the cytoplasm for replication. To improve our understanding of the conformational modifications associated with the release of the viral genome, we have determined the X-ray structure at 3.0 Å resolution of the end-stage of HRV2 uncoating, the empty capsid. The structure shows important conformational changes in the capsid protomer. In particular, a hinge movement around the hydrophobic pocket of VP1 allows a coordinated shift of VP2 and VP3. This overall displacement forces a reorganization of the inter-protomer interfaces, resulting in a particle expansion and in the opening of new channels in the capsid core. These new breaches in the capsid, opening one at the base of the canyon and the second at the particle two-fold axes, might act as gates for the externalization of the VP1 N-terminus and the extrusion of the viral RNA, respectively. The structural comparison between native and empty HRV2 particles unveils a number of pH-sensitive amino acid residues, conserved in rhinoviruses, which participate in the structural rearrangements involved in the uncoating process. © 2012 Garriga et al. ; Work in Barcelona was supported by grant BIO2008-02556 from the Spanish ''Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación'' and by the SILVER Cooperation project GA no 260644 of the European Union, Seventh Framework Program. Work in Vienna was supported by the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF) project nºP20915-B13. Work in Barcelona and Vienna was further supported by ''Acciones Integradas'' Austria-Spain, grant AT2009-0041. X-ray data was collected at the ESRF Grenoble, France (beam line ID23.1) within a Block Allocation Group (BAG Barcelona) and at the SLS (beamline X06DA) Villigen, Switzerland. Financial support was provided by the ESRF and SLS. D.G is recipient of a JAE postdoctoral contract from CSIC. ; Peer Reviewed

Growing awareness of anthropogenic climate change, deep cuts in CO2 emissions, and the exhaustion of easy-to-extract fossil fuels have led to a growing interest in developing renewable energy sources as a part of the (desired) transition to a low-carbon society. The target of the European Union for 2020 is to cover 20% of final energy consumption by renewable energy sources, and for 2030 it should reach at least 32%. While there are ambitious goals to boost the energy transition, it is becoming increasingly evident that the processes run differently in different countries, some of which still prefer path-dependent options and resist major changes. This comparative study applies a historical institutionalist approach to examine the institutional factors influencing the development of renewable energies in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy and Spain, countries with different geographies, political and socio-cultural traditions, belonging respectively to Central and Southern Europe, whose comparison has so far been largely neglected in the literature. The general objective of this paper is to investigate and exemplify how diverse energy traditions, institutional frameworks, policies and practices shape the processes and outcomes of the renewable energy transition.

Unlike their counterparts in bacterial and higher eukaryotic hosts, most fungal viruses are transmitted intracellularly and lack an extracellular phase. Here we determined the cryo-EM structure at 3.7 Å resolution of Rosellinia necatrix quadrivirus 1 (RnQV1), a fungal double-stranded (ds)RNA virus. RnQV1, the type species of the family Quadriviridae, has a multipartite genome consisting of four monocistronic segments. Whereas most dsRNA virus capsids are based on dimers of a single protein, the ~450-Å-diameter, T = 1 RnQV1 capsid is built of P2 and P4 protein heterodimers, each with more than 1000 residues. Despite a lack of sequence similarity between the two proteins, they have a similar α-helical domain, the structural signature shared with the lineage of the dsRNA bluetongue virus-like viruses. Domain insertions in P2 and P4 preferential sites provide additional functions at the capsid outer surface, probably related to enzyme activity. The P2 insertion has a fold similar to that of gelsolin and profilin, two actin-binding proteins with a function in cytoskeleton metabolism, whereas the P4 insertion suggests protease activity involved in cleavage of the P2 383-residue C-terminal region, absent in the mature viral particle. Our results indicate that the intimate virus-fungus partnership has altered the capsid genome-protective and/or receptor-binding functions. Fungal virus evolution has tended to allocate enzyme activities to the virus capsid outer surface. ; This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (BFU2013-43149-R to DL and JMR, BFU2014-54181 to JLC and BFU2014-55475-R to JRC), the Madrid regional government (S2013/MIT-2850 to JLC and S2013/MIT-2807 to JRC), the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (KAKENHI 25252011 and 16H06436, 16H06429, and 16K21723 to NS), and the NIH Intramural Research Program, Center for Information Technology (to BLT). The CNB-CSIC Proteomics Facility, which belongs to ProteoRed, PRB2-ISCIII, was ...

HIV-1 replication results in mitochondrial damage that is enhanced during antiretroviral therapy (ART). The onset of HIV-1 replication is regulated by viral protein Tat, a 101-residue protein codified by two exons that elongates viral transcripts. Although the first exon of Tat (aa 1–72) forms itself an active protein, the presence of the second exon (aa 73–101) results in a more competent transcriptional protein with additional functions. Results: Mitochondrial overall functions were analyzed in Jurkat cells stably expressing full-length Tat (Tat101) or one-exon Tat (Tat72). Representative results were confirmed in PBLs transiently expressing Tat101 and in HIV-infected Jurkat cells. The intracellular expression of Tat101 induced the deregulation of metabolism and cytoskeletal proteins which remodeled the function and distribution of mitochondria. Tat101 reduced the transcription of the mtDNA, resulting in low ATP production. The total amount of mitochondria increased likely to counteract their functional impairment. These effects were enhanced when Tat second exon was expressed. Conclusions: Intracellular Tat altered mtDNA transcription, mitochondrial content and distribution in CD4+ T cells. The importance of Tat second exon in non-transcriptional functions was confirmed. Tat101 may be responsible for mitochondrial dysfunctions found in HIV-1 infected patients. ; We greatly appreciate the secretarial assistance of Mrs Olga Palao. This work was supported by FIPSE (360924/10), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2010-18388), Spanish Ministry of Health (EC11- 285), AIDS Network ISCIII-RETIC (RD12/0017/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (FIS PI12/00506). The work of Sara Rodríguez-Mora is supported by a fellowship of Sara Borrell from Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (2013). The work of María Rosa López-Huertas is supported by a fellowship of the European Union Programme Health 2009 (CHAARM). ; Sí

BACKGROUND: HIV-1 replication results in mitochondrial damage that is enhanced during antiretroviral therapy (ART). The onset of HIV-1 replication is regulated by viral protein Tat, a 101-residue protein codified by two exons that elongates viral transcripts. Although the first exon of Tat (aa 1-72) forms itself an active protein, the presence of the second exon (aa 73-101) results in a more competent transcriptional protein with additional functions. RESULTS: Mitochondrial overall functions were analyzed in Jurkat cells stably expressing full-length Tat (Tat101) or one-exon Tat (Tat72). Representative results were confirmed in PBLs transiently expressing Tat101 and in HIV-infected Jurkat cells. The intracellular expression of Tat101 induced the deregulation of metabolism and cytoskeletal proteins which remodeled the function and distribution of mitochondria. Tat101 reduced the transcription of the mtDNA, resulting in low ATP production. The total amount of mitochondria increased likely to counteract their functional impairment. These effects were enhanced when Tat second exon was expressed. CONCLUSIONS: Intracellular Tat altered mtDNA transcription, mitochondrial content and distribution in CD4+ T cells. The importance of Tat second exon in non-transcriptional functions was confirmed. Tat101 may be responsible for mitochondrial dysfunctions found in HIV-1 infected patients. ; This work was supported by FIPSE (360924/10), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2010-18388), Spanish Ministry of Health (EC11-285), AIDS Network ISCIII-RETIC (RD12/0017/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (FIS PI12/00506). The work of Sara Rodríguez-Mora is supported by a fellowship of Sara Borrell from Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (2013). The work of María Rosa López-Huertas is supported by a fellowship of the European Union Programme Health 2009 (CHAARM). ; Sí

We have developed a new data collection method and processing framework in full field cryo soft X-ray tomography to computationally extend the depth of field (DOF) of a Fresnel zone plate lens. Structural features of 3D-reconstructed eukaryotic cells that are affected by DOF artifacts in standard reconstruction are now recovered. This approach, based on focal series projections, is easily applicable with closed expressions to select specific data acquisition parameters. ; This work was partially supported by MINECO grants BFU2014-54181 to JLC and AIC-A-2011-0638, BIO2013-44647-R and BIO2016-76400-R to JMC, Madrid. Regional government grants S2013/MIT-2850 to JLC and S2010/BMD-2305 to JMC, National Science Foundation grant DMS-1114901 to GTH, the European Union through BioStruct-X Project 283570 and Horizon 2020 through grant iNEXT (INFRAIA-1-2014-2015, Proposal: 653706). ; Sí