Deming's philosophy of total quality management put quality in human terms. Although his principles were mainly conceived from and for a manufacturing environment, some of Deming's key principles can be also applied in education. This research article is an attempt to identify the key principles and to apply them to a specific situation such as a rural school in Peru. In order to accomplish this purpose, this article is divided into three main sections: total quality management, the educational system of Peru, and factors to be considered before implementing total quality management in a rural area. (UNISA Lat Am Rep/DÜI)
La guerra de nuestro tiempo ha tomado la forma de contrainsurgencia posmoderna. Esto es, el conflicto asimétrico por excelencia, irregular, de carácter civil, prolongado y en el que la resistencia se demuestra como el factor clave para no ser derrotados en un mundo dominado por las percepciones. El carácter posmoderno de este conflicto genera una contradicción in terminis, puesto que rompe el de por sí delicado continuum entre guerra y política definido por Clausewitz y que ha enmarcado históricamente las relaciones internacionales. La posmodernidad aplica a las guerras las dinámicas de los mercados, sustituye la victoria por el éxito y hace imposible que unos efectos militares tangibles se alineen con un universo político que consume percepciones noseológicas y sociológicas. El fracaso de las dos grandes guerras que este formato nos ha ofrecido en el siglo XXI, sin embargo, nos permite aventurar que los Gobiernos ; The so called 'war of our times' has adopted the format of a postmodernist counterinsurgency, namely the irregular, civil, asymmetric, protracted conflict in which resistance proves to be the most significant value to avoid defeat in a world dominated by perceptions. The postmodern character of this type of conflicts has brought about a 'contradictio in terminis' as it breaks up the delicate 'continuum' between war and politics described by Clausewitz, that has historically shaped the international relations. Postmodernity imports dynamics from markets to warfare, substitutes victory by success and make tangible military effects almost impossible to align with the political realm, that is fuelled with sociological and epistemological perceptions. The failure of the two big wars of this kind in the 21st Century suggests that Western governments have been 'vaccinated' against any similar temptation for a long time ahead
The State of the Vatican City is a unique country because of its political configuration. Beside from being the smallest country of the world, its form of government, constitution, and its political system presents particularities. In it, various actors not common in other systems relacionate and intervene. In the inside of this system we can find other subsystems like the judicial one. The vatican judicial system is unique and particular because, it maintains basic elements like the presence of tribunals and judges, and atributions like the jurisdictional power among others, but this State Power looks itself under the ejecutive power, this happens because of the form of government which is an absolute monarchy (the only one in Europe in the XXI century) and it is also a theocracy. We will try to attend the study of the system through the review or study of case, specifically the penal trail committed to the sidesman of pope Benedict XVI in the year of 2012.
El término de Democracia Cristiana hace referencia a la corriente política que toma los valores y principios cristianos dentro de un marco actuación democrática. Su presencia es visible en países latinoamericanos como México a pesar de sus orígenes europeos. Su historia es particular pues, surge como un levantamiento en contra de lo que se creía un progreso, el Estado Liberal. Se encuentra por sus postulados entre el liberalismo político y el socialismo, proponiéndose como una tercera posición. Los partidos que expresan esta ideología son considerados de centro. Sus fuentes son el pensamiento de algunos pensadores como Lamennais, Martian, etc. y por la Doctrina Social de la Iglesia Católica, contenida en las encíclicas papales.
El campo del derecho constitucional y de la participación ciudadana en la sociedad, abordó un análisis que permita la resignificación del correcto uso del Sumak Kawsay como principio, valor o regla. El Sumak Kawsay o Buen Vivir tanto desde la cosmovisión andina desde el aparataje de la política pública es una forma de vida que está construida desde la igualdad y la justicia social, con el único fin de lograr su desarrollo en armonía. Esta cosmovisión ancestral en el Ecuador fue elevada a rango constitucional y se empieza a desarrollar en planes y políticas públicas, sin embargo, es importante dotarle de un mayor contenido para efectivizar su implementación y tutela.
La PNL se proyecta como una herramienta de perfeccionamiento colectivo e individual en el marco de la excelencia, que favorece la humanización y sensibilidad de este mundo neurotizado por las diferentes barreras comunicacionales y paradigmas culturales y sociales; con el objetivo de optimizar nuestras esferas de actuación. La finalidad del presente artículo fue analizar el conocimiento acerca de la Programación Neurolingüística que posee el personal directivo de las escuelas de Educación Básica del distrito los olivos de la provincia de lima, Perú en los actuales tiempos de pandemia. El estudio se fundamentó con los planteamientos teóricos de Douat (2017), Deminco (2019), Muñoz (2019), Redford (2017), Romero et al. (2015), entre otros. Se utilizó una metodología descriptiva con diseño no experimental. La muestra estuvo constituida por 58 sujetos, a los cuales se les aplicó un cuestionario. Los resultados muestran que los directivos poseen un mediano conocimiento de la PNL y con respecto a la comunicación, la media aritmética es de 0,188 categorizándose en muy baja, según el baremo establecido, lo cual indica que el personal directivo de los colegios nacionales de educación primaria del distrito Los Olivos de la provincia de Lima, poseen muy bajo conocimiento acerca de la comunicación, resultando un aspecto negativo en cuanto al desenvolvimiento gerencial del personal referido, ya que no conocen en su totalidad esta característica fundamental para el desarrollo de la PNL en todos los ámbitos. Por ello se propone, el uso de la PNL, para que posibilite el desarrollo de habilidades con las que se puedan concebir resultados que optimicen la comunicación del personal directivo de los colegios referidos en los actuales tiempos de pandemia.
Infrastructure investment is a central part of the stimulus plans of the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region as it confronts the growing financial crisis. This article estimates the potential effects on direct, indirect and induced employment for different types of infrastructure projects with LAC-specific variables. The analysis finds that the direct and indirect short-term employment generation potential of infrastructure capital investment projects may be considerable—averaging around 40,000 annual jobs per US$ 1billion in LAC, depending upon such variables as the mix of sub-sectors in the investment programme; the technologies deployed; local wages for skilled and unskilled labour; and the degrees of leakages to imported inputs. While these numbers do not account for a substitution effect, they are built around an assumed 'basket' of investments that crosses infrastructure sectors most of which are not employment-maximising. Albeit limited in scope, rural road maintenance projects may employ 200,000 to 500,000 annualised direct jobs for every US$ 1billion spent. The article also describes the potential risks to effective infrastructure investment in an environment of crisis including sorting and planning contradictions, delayed implementation and impact, affordability and corruption.
Policy makers are often confronted with a myriad of factors in the investment decision-making process. This issue is particularly acute in infrastructure decisions since these often involve large sums and lock-in technologies. In regions and countries where the infrastructure access gap is large and public budgets severely constrained, the importance of considering the different facets of the decision-making process becomes even more relevant. This is the case for South Asia. This article presents the infrastructure access gap in South Asia and discusses the impacts that this gap has in South Asian economies. It examines the links between the infrastructure and economic growth and infrastructure and welfare/poverty. The article reviews different methodologies to measure these impacts and hence serve as mechanisms to establish priorities. Finally, the article presents a methodology to holistically equate trade-offs among different policy objectives per key infrastructure sectors.
Policy makers are often confronted with a myriad of factors in the investment decision-making process. This issue is particularly acute in infrastructure investment decisions, as these often involve significant financial resources and lock-in technologies. In regions and countries where the infrastructure access gap is large and pubic budgets severely constrained, the importance of considering the different facets of the decision-making process becomes even more relevant. This paper discusses the trade-offs policy makers confront when attempting to prioritize infrastructure investments, in particular with regard to economic growth and welfare, and proposes a methodological framework for prioritizing infrastructure projects and portfolios that holistically equates such trade-offs, among others. The analysis suggests that it is not desirable to have a single methodology, providing a single ranking of infrastructure investments, because of the complexities of infrastructure investments. Rather, a multidisciplinary approach should be taken. Decision makers will also need to account for factors that are often not easily measured. While having techniques that enable logical frameworks in the decision-making process of establishing priorities is highly desirable, they are no substitute for consensus building and political negotiations.
El objetivo del estudio es comprobar la efectividad una guía teórico-práctica como objeto de aprendizaje para entornos virtuales en la realización de Proyectos de Investigación (PI) como objeto de aprendizaje para entornos virtuales en el curso de Metodología de Investigación de la Facultad de Educación de una universidad de Lima Metropolitana del Perú. La investigación se fundamenta en los estudios de Gómez et al. (2020), Hernández-Sampieri y Mendoza (2018), Pástor et al. (2020), Peiris et al. (2018), Pérez-Fuentes (2019), Pilozo-Cedeño (2016) entre otros. La investigación cuenta con un diseño cuasiexperimental. La población la constituyen 358 estudiantes y las unidades de estudio fueron noventa estudiantes correspondientes al curso referido de las secciones: 421 y 422. El estudio de la realización de los PI se desarrolla con las dimensiones contextualización del problema, fundamentación teórica y metodología. Las variaciones en la constitución de las dimensiones con sus respectivos indicadores, después de la aplicación de la guía diseñada, probándose en gran medida discrepancias entre estos, debido a que, el estadístico de t computarizado se encuentra relacionado, a valores de significancia inferiores a 0,01. Por ello, se plantea la guía teórica-práctica como objeto de aprendizaje para entornos virtuales como base para la realización de los PI, puesto que dicha guía; optimiza el conocimiento de lo que se va a realizar, optimiza la comunicación, fomenta la motivación, permite un mejor provecho de los recursos, manifiesta la visión y misión de los estudiantes y ha logrado significativos avances en el desarrollo de los proyectos de investigación de los educandos del curso referido.
Endogenous development seeks to improve the living conditions of rural inhabitants through the combined use of natural resources and progress actions that are in harmony with the ecosystem but at the same time are a permanent financial path. At the same time, it seeks the preservation of biodiversity as a power of origin, as well as a financial progress with sustainable productivity that provides welfare. In this sense, the purpose of the study was to describe the role of the university as a manager of research and innovation for the achievement of endogenous development in the Peruvian Amazon through the perception of university authorities and professors. The research had a qualitative approach, with a grounded theory design, with teachers and authorities of the National University of the Peruvian Amazon as informants. The results of the interviews were analyzed using the IRaMuTeQ program to determine the co-occurrences and relationships of the two categories: Role of the university as a manager of research and innovation and endogenous development of the Peruvian Amazon. A lexicometric study of the documents generated was carried out. Reporting from the perception of the authorities and teachers to the research and innovation that is carried out from the university as a central axis for the achievement of the endogenous development of the region. In addition, they state the need for the active participation of all students together with their teachers for the planning of activities that lead to solve the problems of the region through the generation of scientific knowledge and innovation. In conclusion, the university has a leading role as a manager of research and innovation to achieve the endogenous development of the Peruvian Amazon.
This paper utilizes information from the 2015 Nigeria National Water and Sanitation Survey to identify the extent, timing, as well as reasons for the failure of water points. The paper finds that more than 38 percent of all improved water points are nonfunctional. The results indicate that nearly 27 percent of the water points are likely to fail in the first year of construction, while nearly 40 percent are likely to fail in the long run (after 8-10 years). The paper considers the reasons behind these failures, looking at whether they can or cannot be controlled. During the first year, a water point's location -- the political region and underlying hydrogeology -- has the greatest impact on functionality. Other factors—specifically, those that can be controlled in the design, implementation, and operational stages -- also contribute significantly. As water points age, their likelihood of failure is best predicted by factors that cannot be modified, as well as by the technology used. The paper concludes that, to improve the sustainability of water points, much can be done at the design, implementation, and operational stages. Over time, technology upgrades are important.
This study reports the findings of a large-scale, multiple-arm, cluster-randomized control study carried out in rural Punjab, India, to assess the impact of a flagship sanitation program of the Government of India. The program, the Clean India Mission for Villages, was implemented between October 2014 and October 2019 and aimed to encourage the construction of toilets, eliminate the practice of open defecation, and improve the awareness and practice of good hygiene across rural India. It utilized a combination of behavioral change campaigns, centered on the community-led total sanitation approach, and financial incentives for eligible households. The study also evaluates the incremental effects of intensive hygiene awareness campaigns in selected schools and follow-up initiatives in selected communities. The study finds that the coverage of "safely managed" toilets among households without toilets increased by 6.8–10.4 percentage points across various intervention arms, compared with a control group. Open defecation was reduced by 7.3–7.8 percentage points. The program also had significant positive impacts on hygiene awareness among adults and children, although the interventions of school campaigns and intensive follow-up were of limited additional impact.
