Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Dedication -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rbST) -- The Effect of rbST in Developed Countries -- Yield Response to rbST -- Pricing rbST -- Cost Increases Associated with rbST Use -- The Profitability of rbST -- Who Will Adopt rbST? -- rbST Adoption and the Price of Milk -- The Effect of rbST in Less Developed Countries -- Pricing rbST -- The Price of Milk -- Potential Yield Response to rbST -- Management and Nutrition as Limiting Factors -- Potential Use of rbST on Bos Taurus Cattle -- Potential Use of rbST on Bos Indicus and Crossbred Cattle -- Milk Production in the Latin American Tropics -- Milk Production in Asia -- Milk Production in Africa -- The Importance of Management Skills -- Conditions Under Which rbST Adoption May Be Possible -- 3 Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer (MOET) -- The Expected Impact of MOET on Milk Production in Developed Countries -- The Expected Impact of MOET on Milk Production in Developing Countries -- MOET arid Artificial Insemination for Progeny Testing -- MOET and the Open Nucleus Breeding: System (ONBS) -- MOET and the Continuous Production of First Generation (F1) Crossbred Calves -- The Expected Value of Using MOET to Produce an F1 Calf -- Model Results -- Summary of Potential For Use of MOET in Developing Countries -- 4 The Projected Effects of rbST and MOET on World Dairy Markets -- The Effects of rbST and MOET Adoption on International Milk Markets -- The World Dairy Industry: A Glance Backwards -- Production -- Consumption -- International Trade -- The World Dairy Industry: A Glance into the Future -- Methodology -- Scenarios -- Scenario 1 -- Scenario 2 -- Scenario 3 -- Scenario 4 -- Summary of the Projections -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- rbST -- MOET.

Rent seeking is well known, but empirical evidence of its effects is relatively rare. This paper analyzes how the domestic and international rent seeking caused Brazil to provide coffee export tax rebates that transferred foreign exchange to coffee importers. Although Brazil was the world's largest exporter, it began to pay export tax rebates to selected coffee importers in 1965 and, by 1988, had paid rebates totaling $8 billion. Brazil explained these rebates as a mechanism to price discriminate among importers and expand exports within the context of the export quota imposed by the International Coffee Agreement. We show this explanation was invalid during most of the period. The net price fell for those who received rebates, causing Brazil to effectively transfer approximately $3 billion to foreign importers. The effects of the rebate policy were never recognized in Brazil, hidden largely by the complex nature of government intervention in the coffee sector.

The International Coffee Agreement (ICA) used export quotas to restrict coffee trade in order to increase and stabilize the international price. A model of domestic pricing policy is developed which shows that the producer price should have fallen in response to ICA quotas. Econometric analysis supports the hypothesis that use of quotas resulted in lower producer prices in most coffee producing countries. The income lost by producers was largely captured by governments and/or exporters to whom the governments assigned quota rights. Since coffee is produced by small farmers in most exporting countries, income distribution within those countries probably worsened.