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En la presentación de la trama de El libro del caballero y el escudero (1326) y de El libro de los estados (1327-1330) de don Juan Manuel, se desarrollan escenas en las que participan las figuras del rey y los consejeros. A través de ello se prefiguran pautas e ideas sobre la importancia de la figura del consejero regio, un tema frecuente entre los textos didáctico-políticos castellanos de finales delsiglo XIII e inicios del XIV. En la escenificación inicial de estas dos obras podemos ver cómo don Juan Manuel proyectó, a inicios del reinado de Alfonso XI, unos valores político-culturales cuyo origen se localiza en el conflictivo e inestable reinado de Fernando IV. ; During the presentation of the plot of El libro del caballero y Escudero (1326) and El libro de los estados (1327-1330) by don Juan Manuel certain scenes unfold in which the figures of both king and he ́s councilors are involved. Through this, norms and ideas of the importance of the figure of the royal councilor are foreshadow, a recurrent topic throughout the political-didactical Castiliantexts of the end of the XIIIth and the beginning of the XIVth Century. In the initial staging of both books we can observe how don Juan Manuel projected, in the early reign of King Alfonso XI, certain political-cultural values whose origins are in the unstableand conflicted reign of King Fernando IV. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Water consumption in fish canning industry and the production of high polluted wastewaters are of great concern worldwide. In fact, in this type of industry a huge amount of water is used throughout all steps, including cleaning, cooking, cooling, sanitization and floor washing. It is also known a frequent change of raw material to be processed, with variation in flow rates and composition, which implies changes in wastewater characteristics. These variable operating conditions make the planning of a common treatment plant for all of the wastewaters produced in a single unit a challenging task. A treatment process suitable to treat this wastewater must be found in order to fulfil the limits imposed by the Portuguese legislation (Decree-Law No. 236/98) for industrial wastewater discharge. Therefore, it is important to analyze what are the main pollution sources of this type of wastewaters to be possible to identify its main characteristics in a quick and inexpensive way, in order to define an adequate sequence for its treatment. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The valorization of wastewaters from the fish canning industry is of great concern, not only because of the high quantities generated, but also economic and environmental benefits may result from a proper treatment approach of the waste generated while reducing costs related to wastewater discharge. A limiting factor for reuse and recycling treated fish canning wastewater into an industrial plant and also for other uses is the high salt content, which persists even after conventional treatment. So, the reuse of fish canning industrial wastewater was assessed by combining conventional treatments, such as sedimentation, chemical coagulation-flocculation and aerobic biological degradation (activated sludge process) followed by a polishing step by reverse osmosis (RO) and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. In this investigation all these processes were optimized in order to remove essentially the effluent suspended particles (primary treatment), the organic matter content in the biological aerated reactor (secondary treatment) and, finally, the remaining salts and microorganisms (tertiary treatment). The overall removal efficiencies obtained were: 99.9% for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 99.8% for oil and grease (O&G), 98.4% for total suspended solids (TSS), above 96% for anions and cations and 100% for heterotrophic bacteria expressed as colony-forming units (CFU). The final clarified effluent was found to have the quality requirements to be recycled or reused in the industrial plant, allowing the reduction of the effluent to be discharged, the water use and the costs of tap water for industrial use. As regards the energy and chemicals costs, to obtain a treated effluent to be reused in the process costs 0.85 V/m3. This value can be reduced by about 60% if the goal is only to meet the legislated standards for the effluent discharge into water bodies. Tap water for the industrial plant costs about 2.1 V/m3. ; This work is partially supported by project PEst-C/EQB/LA0020/2013,financed by FEDER through COMPETE - Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade and by FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia and by ValorPeixe - Valorizaçãode Sub-produtos e Águas Residuais da Indústria de Conservas de Peixe, project in co-promotion I&DT QREN, nº13634,financed by FEDER through POFC - Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade for which the authors are thankful. Raquel O. Cristóvão thanks FCT for the Post-doc Scholarship (SFRH/BPD/81564/2011). ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion