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While the Supreme Court of Virginia handed down decisions of significance dealing with the ownership and operation of real property in the Commonwealth during the past year, in most cases the court was content to apply well-settled law in new fact situations, or to extend the boundaries of such law gently into new territory. The General Assembly, for its part, spent most of its energy clarifying existing legislation or repairing portions of statutes which, either in operation or in prospect, needed relatively minor modifications. The foregoing statements are not intended to belittle the cases which were decided and the legislation which was enacted during the past year, the most significant parts of which are discussed in this article.

Aus den unzähligen Sexratgebern sticht ein Buch heraus: das Kamasutra. Es ist der Klassiker, zeitlos, schillernd, aufregend. Das ?Little Black Book des Kamasutra? erklärt Ihnen in Wort und Bild sowohl die grundlegenden Praktiken als auch extravagante Varianten: vom Entfachen der Leidenschaft über das Vorspiel bis zum Akt. Leicht verständlich, anregend dezent und aufregend frivol weist Ihnen dieses Buch den Weg, die schönste Hauptsache der Welt noch etwas schöner zu machen.Die erweiterte Neuauflage wird sich Stellungen widmen, die zwar theoretisch möglich sind, sich praktisch aber nur schwer um

This article reviews selected judicial decisions and legislation affecting real property law in Virginia during the past year. Part I discusses some of the more significant cases decided by the Supreme Court of Virginia. Part II discusses some of this year's most significant legislation enacted by the Virginia General Assembly.

This article reviews some of the more significant cases and legislation affecting Virginia property law over the past year. The Virginia Supreme Court revisited a wide range of issues, including the level of visibility to which an adverse use must rise to establish title by adverse possession. The court also revisited the steps that a mechanic's lienor must take in order to protect his or her lien. Additionally, the court also explored some new issues, such as the applicability of the rule against perpetuities to a purchase option contained in a lease.

Background. The proposed National Health Insurance (NHI) system aims to re-engineer primary healthcare (PHC) provision in South Africa, with strategic purchasing of services from both private and public sector providers by the NHI Fund. Currently, while access to the private sector is primarily restricted to high-income insured earners, an important proportion of the low-income segment is choosing to utilise private PHC providers over public sector clinics. In recent years, a number of private providers in SA have established innovative models of PHC delivery that aim to expand access beyond the insured population and provide affordable access to good-quality PHC services.Objectives. To describe the current landscape of private PHC clinic models targeting low-income, uninsured earners and the role they might play during the transition to NHI.Methods. Key informant interviews were conducted with representatives of a sample of private PHC provider organisations providing services to low-income, uninsured earners with clinics – beyond the traditional private sector general practitioner model. Organisations were asked to describe their service delivery model, the population it serves, the PHC services offered and the financing model. Written responses were captured in Excel and coded manually, and the results were thematically analysed.Results. Of the eight organisations identified, most have actively engaged strategies to ensure the provision of affordable quality care. Within these strategies, scale is an important pivot in spreading fixed costs across more paying patients as well as task shifting to lower cadres of healthcare workers. Access to government medicines and laboratory tests is an important factor in achieving lower costs per patient. Together, these strategies support the sustainability of these models.Conclusions. We have provided an exploratory analysis of private PHC service delivery models serving the low-income, uninsured patient population, establishing factors that increase the efficiency of such service delivery, and delineating combinations of strategies that could make these models successful both during the transition to NHI and during full-scale NHI implementation. A clear regulatory framework would act as a catalyst for further innovation and facilitate contracting. These existing models can enhance and complement government provision and could be scaled up to meet the needs of expanding PHC under NHI. Understanding these models and the space and parameters in which they operate is important.

The vast majority of farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)are smallholders, many of whom are women, who have limited access to inputs and markets and face a growing number of production challenges. Few young people are being attracted into agriculture because they see better opportunities elsewhere. New knowledge can help farmers to significantly enhance their productivity and income and stimulate the creation of rural businesses, but such knowledge is not available in many rural communities. An innovative Pan-African initiative on farmer education and training in SSA (FARM-ED) aims to address these issues by exploiting the use of Open Educational Resources (OER) and emerging information and communication technologies. // FARM-ED draws on the lessons from successful large-scale OER programmes in the education and health sectors, run by the UK Open University (OU) in collaboration with local partners in Africa and South Asia. These programmes have demonstrated how high quality learning materials can reach substantial numbers of people within a short period of time. A key feature of the approach is to establish partnerships which bring in relevant expertise and facilitate local ownership. FARM-ED is led by a consortium of knowledge institutions including the OU, the Natural Resources Institute of the University of Greenwich and the regional university networks in Africa, RUFORUM and ANAFE. But the partnership extends much more widely and includes civil society organizations, the private sector and government agencies. The emphasis is on strengthening the capacity of intermediaries to respond more effectively to the demand from farmers for knowledge on how to improve their farming systems. // An initial scoping study carried out in East Africa in 2012 revealed that there is considerable interest among different types of organization to participate in the development of OERs and to receive training in their effective use. Another clear message was the importance of addressing the needs of women and young people, and to help them overcome barriers to success. A particular challenge for FARM-ED is to reflect the wide diversity of agricultural systems and socio-cultural practices within and between countries in SSA. Generic learning materials are being developed for use with different media (including print and mobile) and will be freely available online. Although generic, there will be a strong emphasis on adaptation of the learning materials for the local context and, through working with communities of practice, improving them in line with feedback from users. // FARM-ED also aims to help to create a more favourable enabling environment for the implementation of best practice in priority areas such as adaptation to climate change, nutrition and rural entrepreneurship. It will do this through the development of special courses for policy makers and by engagement with national policy processes. // Paper ID: 184