Suchergebnisse

To stimulate grid-connected solar PV systems on private dwellings, the Netherlands currently have a net metering policy, but questions have been raised on its continuation. In this study, several alternative policy options were assessed on the financial case for private homeowners investing in a PV system (simple payback time), on purchasing behaviour (using a technology adoption model), and on governmental costs. While continuation of net metering policy leads to ongoing improvement of the financial case up to levels that could be considered overstimulation, three policy alternatives can be set up so that they stabilise simple payback times of recent and future generations of PV systems. Under these alternative instruments, deployment of PV systems in this market segment is indicatively estimated to be 15–20% lower by the year 2030 than with continuation of net metering policy, while corresponding governmental cost reduction indications would be more than 50%. We conclude that from a cost effectiveness point of view there is reason to change to an alternative instrument. We did not find any decisive arguments pro or con either of the three alternative instruments, neither on the basis of the three main impacts analysed nor from other aspects reviewed more qualitatively.

This study presents supply scenarios of nonfood renewable jet fuel (RJF) in the European Union (EU) toward 2030, based on the anticipated regulatory context, availability of biomass and conversion technologies, and competing biomass demand from other sectors (i.e., transport, heat, power, and chemicals). A cost optimization model was used to identify preconditions for increased RJF production and the associated emission reductions, costs, and impact on competing sectors. Model scenarios show nonfood RJF supply could increase from 1 PJ in 2021 to 165–261 PJ/year (3.8–6.1 million tonne (Mt)/year) by 2030, provided advanced biofuel technologies are developed and adequate (policy) incentives are present. This supply corresponds to 6%–9% of jet fuel consumption and 28%–41% of total nonfood biofuel consumption in the EU. These results are driven by proposed policy incentives and a relatively high fossil jet fuel price compared to other fossil fuels. RJF reduces aviation-related combustion emission by 12–19 Mt/year CO2-eq by 2030, offsetting 53%–84% of projected emission growth of the sector in the EU relative to 2020. Increased RJF supply mainly affects nonfood biofuel use in road transport, which remained relatively constant during 2021–2030. The cost differential of RJF relative to fossil jet fuel declines from 40 €/GJ (1,740 €/t) in 2021 to 7–13 €/GJ (280–540 €/t) in 2030, because of the introduction of advanced biofuel technologies, technological learning, increased fossil jet fuel prices, and reduced feedstock costs. The cumulative additional costs of RJF equal €7.7–11 billion over 2021–2030 or €1.0–1.4 per departing passenger (intra-EU) when allocated to the aviation sector. By 2030, 109–213 PJ/year (2.5–4.9 Mt/year) RJF is produced from lignocellulosic biomass using technologies which are currently not yet commercialized. Hence, (policy) mechanisms that expedite technology development are cardinal to the feasibility and affordability of increasing RJF production.

This study presents supply scenarios of nonfood renewable jet fuel (RJF) in the European Union (EU) toward 2030, based on the anticipated regulatory context, availability of biomass and conversion technologies, and competing biomass demand from other sectors (i.e., transport, heat, power, and chemicals). A cost optimization model was used to identify preconditions for increased RJF production and the associated emission reductions, costs, and impact on competing sectors. Model scenarios show nonfood RJF supply could increase from 1 PJ in 2021 to 165-261 PJ/year (3.8-6.1million tonne (Mt)/year) by 2030, provided advanced biofuel technologies are developed and adequate (policy) incentives are present. This supply corresponds to 6%-9% of jet fuel consumption and 28%-41% of total nonfood biofuel consumption in the EU. These results are driven by proposed policy incentives and a relatively high fossil jet fuel price compared to other fossil fuels. RJF reduces aviation-related combustion emission by 12-19 Mt/year CO2-eq by 2030, offsetting 53%-84% of projected emission growth of the sector in the EU relative to 2020. Increased RJF supply mainly affects nonfood biofuel use in road transport, which remained relatively constant during 2021-2030. The cost differential of RJF relative to fossil jet fuel declines from 40 sic/GJ (1,740 sic/t) in 2021 to 7-13 sic/GJ (280-540 sic/t) in 2030, because of the introduction of advanced biofuel technologies, technological learning, increased fossil jet fuel prices, and reduced feedstock costs. The cumulative additional costs of RJF equal sic7.7-11 billion over 2021-2030 or sic1.0-1.4 per departing passenger (intra-EU) when allocated to the aviation sector. By 2030, 109-213 PJ/year (2.5-4.9 Mt/year) RJF is produced from lignocellulosic biomass using technologies which are currently not yet commercialized. Hence, (policy) mechanisms that expedite technology development are cardinal to the feasibility and affordability of increasing RJF production.