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Importance Since late 2019, the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has given rise to a global pandemic and introduced many health challenges with economic, social, and political consequences. In addition to a complex acute presentation that can affect multiple organ systems, there is mounting evidence of various persistent long-term sequelae. The worldwide scientific community is characterizing a diverse range of seemingly common long-term outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the underlying assumptions in these studies vary widely making comparisons difficult. Numerous publications describe the clinical manifestations of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC or "long COVID"), but they are difficult to integrate because of heterogeneous methods and the lack of a standard for denoting the many phenotypic manifestations of long COVID. Observations We identified 303 articles published before April 29, 2021, curated 59 relevant manuscripts that described clinical manifestations in 81 cohorts of individuals three weeks or more following acute COVID-19, and mapped 287 unique clinical findings to Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) terms. Conclusions and Relevance Patients and clinicians often use different terms to describe the same symptom or condition. Addressing the heterogeneous and inconsistent language used to describe the clinical manifestations of long COVID combined with the lack of standardized terminologies for long COVID will provide a necessary foundation for comparison and meta-analysis of different studies. Translating long COVID manifestations into computable HPO terms will improve the analysis, data capture, and classification of long COVID patients. If researchers, clinicians, and patients share a common language, then studies can be compared or pooled more effectively. Furthermore, mapping lay terminology to HPO for long COVID manifestations will help patients assist clinicians and researchers in creating phenotypic characterizations that are computationally accessible, which may improve the stratification and thereby diagnosis and treatment of long COVID.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ; Narrow Bipolar Events (NBEs) are powerful radio emissions from thunderstorms, which have been recently associated with blue optical flashes on cloud tops and attributed to extensive streamer electrical discharges named fast breakdown. Combining data obtained from a thunderstorm over South China by the space-based Atmosphere Space Interactions Monitor, the Vaisala GLD360 global lightning network and very low frequency/low frequency radio detectors, here we report and analyze for the first time the optical emissions of blue luminous events associated with negative NBEs and located at the top edge of a thundercloud. These emissions are weakly affected by scattering from cloud droplets, allowing us to estimate the source extension and optical energy involved in the process. The optical energy in the 337-nm band emitted by fast breakdown is about 104 J, which involves around 109 streamer initiation events. © 2021. The Authors. ; This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union H2020 programme/ERC grant agreement 681257. It also received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the M. Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement SAINT 722337. Additionally, this work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, MINECO, under project PID2019-109269RB-C43 and FEDER program. D. Li, A. Luque and F. J. Gordillo-Vázquez acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). F. Liu, G. Lu and B. Zhu are supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC1501501) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (41775004, 41875006, 42005068, U1938115). ; Peer reviewed

This Open Access article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. ; Narrow bipolar events (NBEs) are signatures in radio signals from thunderstorms observed by ground-based receivers. NBEs may occur at the onset of lightning, but the discharge process is not well understood. Here, we present spectral measurements by the Atmosphere‐Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) on the International Space Station that are associated with nine negative and three positive NBEs observed by a ground‐based array of receivers. We found that both polarities NBEs are associated with emissions at 337 nm with weak or no detectable emissions at 777.4 nm, suggesting that NBEs are associated with streamer breakdown. The rise times of the emissions for negative NBEs are about 10 μs, consistent with source locations at cloud tops where photons undergo little scattering by cloud particles, and for positive NBEs are ~1 ms, consistent with locations deeper in the clouds. For negative NBEs, the emission strength is almost linearly correlated with the peak current of the associated NBEs. Our findings suggest that ground-based observations of radio signals provide a new means to measure the occurrences and strength of cloud-top discharges near the tropopause. © 2021, The Author(s). ; The authors would acknowledge financial support from the National Key Research & Development Program (2017YFC1501501), the Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS (YSBR-018), the B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB41000000), National Natural Science Foundation of China (41775004, 41831070, 41875006, 41974181, 42005068, and U1938115), and the Open Research Project of Large Research Infrastructures of CAS—"Study on the interaction between low/mid-latitude atmosphere and ionosphere based on the Chinese Meridian Project". F.F.L is also supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (WK2080000134). A.L. and D.L. is supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union H2020 programme/ERC Grant Agreement 681257. F.J.G.V. acknowledges funding by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AEI) under project PID2019‐109269RB‐C43 and the FEDER program. F.J.G.V., A.L., and D.L. acknowledge financial support from the Spanish AEI through the Center of Excellence "Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV‐2017‐0709). ASIM and the ASIM Science Data Centre are funded by ESA and by national grants of Denmark, Norway and Spain. We thank Vaisala for the GLD360 lightning data. ; Peer reviewed