Suchergebnisse

The aims of this paper are to delineate some important topics in landscape economics, and also to put landscape policy in the perspective of the sustainable development. The research issue is about the relationships between the development paths and landscape changes, paved with examples of consensus, controversies, and conflicts. Landscape is a polysemic term, many approaches and definitions exist for it, and as a consequence, economists should adopt or elaborate their own landscape definition or concept (the most suitable to their general methodology, and related to their most familiar concepts). Landscape appears to be a local public good. That definition correspond to the property rights market failure arising from the co-visibility. Co-visibility makes it difficult in general to identify precisely the link between each owner action and the agregate landscape outcome. As a consequence, landscape ownership appears to be scattered into a multiplicity of actors of various nature (individual, communal, statal…). How to exploit that analogy with non point source pollution is a challenge for landscape economics research. Each actor has his own objective and management criteria, either for agricultural, forestry, industrial or residential activities. Moreover, there are multiple public policies aimed at sustaining each activity. Inevitably, public policies failures arise, and so the need for coordination actions aimed at landscape maintenance and preservation. Because the local public good nature of the landscape, it's worth to look at the models of public good joint production. How to agregate actions from different land owners into a resulting landscape, or how to coordinate actions scattered among multiple landowners in order to get a specific desired outcome is a real challenge ? In some case, the responsability of changes is concentrated in the hand of few decision makers, in some others, the responsability is more diffuse, and the non point production function of the landscape could be approximated by an ...

The aims of this paper are to delineate some important topics in landscape economics, and also to put landscape policy in the perspective of the sustainable development. The research issue is about the relationships between the development paths and landscape changes, paved with examples of consensus, controversies, and conflicts. Landscape is a polysemic term, many approaches and definitions exist for it, and as a consequence, economists should adopt or elaborate their own landscape definition or concept (the most suitable to their general methodology, and related to their most familiar concepts). Landscape appears to be a local public good. That definition correspond to the property rights market failure arising from the co-visibility. Co-visibility makes it difficult in general to identify precisely the link between each owner action and the agregate landscape outcome. As a consequence, landscape ownership appears to be scattered into a multiplicity of actors of various nature (individual, communal, statal…). How to exploit that analogy with non point source pollution is a challenge for landscape economics research. Each actor has his own objective and management criteria, either for agricultural, forestry, industrial or residential activities. Moreover, there are multiple public policies aimed at sustaining each activity. Inevitably, public policies failures arise, and so the need for coordination actions aimed at landscape maintenance and preservation. Because the local public good nature of the landscape, it's worth to look at the models of public good joint production. How to agregate actions from different land owners into a resulting landscape, or how to coordinate actions scattered among multiple landowners in order to get a specific desired outcome is a real challenge ? In some case, the responsability of changes is concentrated in the hand of few decision makers, in some others, the responsability is more diffuse, and the non point production function of the landscape could be approximated by an additive function. The issue of the agregation of actions is closely related to the one of preferences heterogeneity and agregation. Because a specific landscape project could be appreciated as beneficial or detrimental by different people, it's necessary to separate the stage of evaluation, the stage of decision making and the stage of implementation. Issues of coordination of actions arising at the implementation stage should take for granted the landscape objectives and the social value of the project. Eventually, the design of Institutional arrangements to manage landscape should take onto account his nature of common pool resource. The paper is organized so as to take stock from the contributions of the research community in Landscape economics, and also to signal some missing links and promising paths. Naturally, our paper does not exhaust all the topics, we will concentrate on three topics : preferences definition and evaluation, joint production, and governance.

The aims of this paper are to delineate some important topics in landscape economics, and also to put landscape policy in the perspective of the sustainable development. The research issue is about the relationships between the development paths and landscape changes, paved with examples of consensus, controversies, and conflicts. Landscape is a polysemic term, many approaches and definitions exist for it, and as a consequence, economists should adopt or elaborate their own landscape definition or concept (the most suitable to their general methodology, and related to their most familiar concepts). Landscape appears to be a local public good. That definition correspond to the property rights market failure arising from the co-visibility. Co-visibility makes it difficult in general to identify precisely the link between each owner action and the agregate landscape outcome. As a consequence, landscape ownership appears to be scattered into a multiplicity of actors of various nature (individual, communal, statal…). How to exploit that analogy with non point source pollution is a challenge for landscape economics research. Each actor has his own objective and management criteria, either for agricultural, forestry, industrial or residential activities. Moreover, there are multiple public policies aimed at sustaining each activity. Inevitably, public policies failures arise, and so the need for coordination actions aimed at landscape maintenance and preservation. Because the local public good nature of the landscape, it's worth to look at the models of public good joint production. How to agregate actions from different land owners into a resulting landscape, or how to coordinate actions scattered among multiple landowners in order to get a specific desired outcome is a real challenge ? In some case, the responsability of changes is concentrated in the hand of few decision makers, in some others, the responsability is more diffuse, and the non point production function of the landscape could be approximated by an ...

The Economic Anthropology of Inheritance

This article deals with the anthropological underpinnings of neoclassical models of the transmission of estates. Made up of family enterprises, agriculture is especially concerned with the objectives and conditions of the accumulation and transmission of patrimony. After emphasizing the difficulty of defining patrimony independently of savings and capital, this article examines the various formalizations of altruistic behaviors, in particular within the Family Economy. Certain models propose that inheritance is a means of paying for services rendered by potential heirs, or else a residue resulting from uncertainty about the time of death. As currently formulated, these models reflect the sociological context used in drawing them up. Inheritance practices, depending on whether or not they take into account human capital, effect a compensation or reinforcement of inequality among offspring. The quest for optimal practices encounters a difficulty related to external effects whenever the share received by the spouse enters into consideration. In conclusion, the partial nature of the proposed models is emphasized along with the limits imposed by the individualistic postulate underlying the neoclassical approach.

Cet article traite l'aspect technique d'un couplage simple entre un système d'information géographique et un système multi-agents. Pour situer le contexte, nous faisons le point sur les données disponibles et le projet afin de comprendre pourquoi vouloir utiliser un fond cadastral dans un système de simulation. Ensuite nous abordons la réalité du couplage à travers la phase d'initialisation du modèle multi-agents, en prenant quelques exemples de traitements spécifiques tels que le voisinage des entités spatiales élémentaires.

Cet article traite l'aspect technique d'un couplage simple entre un système d'information géographique et un système multi-agents. Pour situer le contexte, nous faisons le point sur les données disponibles et le projet afin de comprendre pourquoi vouloir utiliser un fond cadastral dans un système de simulation. Ensuite nous abordons la réalité du couplage à travers la phase d'initialisation du modèle multi-agents, en prenant quelques exemples de traitements spécifiques tels que le voisinage des entités spatiales élémentaires.

Cet article traite l'aspect technique d'un couplage simple entre un système d'information géographique et un système multi-agents. Pour situer le contexte, nous faisons le point sur les données disponibles et le projet afin de comprendre pourquoi vouloir utiliser un fond cadastral dans un système de simulation. Ensuite nous abordons la réalité du couplage à travers la phase d'initialisation du modèle multi-agents, en prenant quelques exemples de traitements spécifiques tels que le voisinage des entités spatiales élémentaires.

Dans ce travail, nous développons un modèle des interactions entre activités humaines, principalement agricoles et forestières, et dynamique naturelle de la végétation, pour pouvoir analyser et évaluer l'impact des politiques publiques sur la dynamique des paysages. A partir d'un état de la végétation et de la population des hameaux, correspondant à ceux des années 1900, nous réalisons une série de simulations grâce à un modèle spatialisé de type alvéolaire. Des politiques publiques plus ou moins sélectives sur la population sont combinées avec des politiques publiques agissant sur les comportements de prélèvement de la biomasse par les troupeaux. Nous étudions successivement plusieurs scenarios caractérisés par leur impact global sur le prélèvement et par une mise en oeuvre plus ou moins précoce dans le temps. Nous avons mis en évidence l'impact spécifique de l'agencement temporel de la mise en oeuvre des politiques publiques sur la possibilité de maîtriser la dynamique du paysage par une des deux politiques. En l'occurrence, la mise en oeuvre tardive d'une politique de lutte contre l'embroussaillement et la fermeture du paysage ne peut compenser l'impact de la diminution de la population entamée plusieurs décennies plus tôt, à cause des phénomènes écologiques de diffusion et de croissance des semenciers. Les réouvertures locales (et coûteuses) du paysage par les défrichements ne sont pas en mesure de ramener le paysage à un état antérieur. En l'absence d'une coordination paysagère à l'échelle de l'unité paysagère, le paysage correspondant au niveaux actuels de population et de pratiques agricoles et forestières est donc une mosaïque et correspond à une paysage peu original.

As the French government strives to achieve their offshore renewable energy target, the impact of offshore wind farms on coastal tourism in the Languedoc Rousillon is now being questioned. To assess this issue, a choice experiment was undertaken to elicit tourist preferences for wind turbines at different distances from the shore. We also examined whether potential visual nuisances may be compensated by wind farm associated reef-recreation or by adopting a coherent environmental policy. The findings indicate that age, nationality, vacation activities and their destination loyalty influence attitudes towards compensatory policies. Two policy recommendations are suggested. First, everything else being equal, wind farms should be located no closer than 12 km from the shore. Second, and alternatively, a wind farm can be located from 5 km and outwards without a loss in tourism revenues if accompanied by a coherent environmental policy and wind farm associated recreational activities.

As the French government strives to achieve their offshore renewable energy target, the impact of offshore wind farms on coastal tourism in the Languedoc Rousillon is now being questioned. To assess this issue, a choice experiment was undertaken to elicit tourist preferences for wind turbines at different distances from the shore. We also examined whether potential visual nuisances may be compensated by wind farm associated reef-recreation or by adopting a coherent environmental policy. The findings indicate that age, nationality, vacation activities and their destination loyalty influence attitudes towards compensatory policies. Two policy recommendations are suggested. First, everything else being equal, wind farms should be located no closer than 12 km from the shore. Second, and alternatively, a wind farm can be located from 5 km and outwards without a loss in tourism revenues if accompanied by a coherent environmental policy and wind farm associated recreational activities.

As the French government strives to achieve their offshore renewable energy target, the impact of offshore wind farms on coastal tourism in the Languedoc Rousillon is now being questioned. To assess this issue, a choice experiment was undertaken to elicit tourist preferences for wind turbines at different distances from the shore. We also examined whether potential visual nuisances may be compensated by wind farm associated reef-recreation or by adopting a coherent environmental policy. The findings indicate that age, nationality, vacation activities and their destination loyalty influence attitudes towards compensatory policies. Two policy recommendations are suggested. First, everything else being equal, wind farms should be located no closer than 12 km from the shore. Second, and alternatively, a wind farm can be located from 5 km and outwards without a loss in tourism revenues if accompanied by a coherent environmental policy and wind farm associated recreational activities.

In the run-up to a governmental invitation to tender for the construction offshore wind farms in the Languedoc Rousillon, coastal municipalities have been voicing fear about their potential impact on the tourist industry. To understand how offshore wind farms may affect tourism, we conducted a choice experiment with coastal tourists in Languedoc Rousillon. We elicited willingness to pay and willingness to accept compensation for wind turbines at different distances from the shore and examined whether potential visual nuisances may be compensated by associating the wind farm with recreational opportunities (observational boating, diving at artificial reefs and turbine foundations) or by adopting a coherent environmental policy. We show that the compensation required for the visual nuisance depends on the age segment of the tourists, their nationality, their vacation activities and their degree of loyalty to Languedoc Rousillon coastal community resorts. Our policy recommendation is two-fold: Everything else equals, wind farm implantation 12 km offshore is preferable from the viewpoint of favouring the tourist industry. With simultaneous application of a coherent environmental policy and wind farm associated recreational activities, a wind farm can be conceived from 5 km and outwards without a loss in tourist revenues.

In the run-up to a governmental invitation to tender for the construction offshore wind farms in the Languedoc Rousillon, coastal municipalities have been voicing fear about their potential impact on the tourist industry. To understand how offshore wind farms may affect tourism, we conducted a choice experiment with coastal tourists in Languedoc Rousillon. We elicited willingness to pay and willingness to accept compensation for wind turbines at different distances from the shore and examined whether potential visual nuisances may be compensated by associating the wind farm with recreational opportunities (observational boating, diving at artificial reefs and turbine foundations) or by adopting a coherent environmental policy. We show that the compensation required for the visual nuisance depends on the age segment of the tourists, their nationality, their vacation activities and their degree of loyalty to Languedoc Rousillon coastal community resorts. Our policy recommendation is two-fold: Everything else equals, wind farm implantation 12 km offshore is preferable from the viewpoint of favouring the tourist industry. With simultaneous application of a coherent environmental policy and wind farm associated recreational activities, a wind farm can be conceived from 5 km and outwards without a loss in tourist revenues.