Suchergebnisse

In the second half of the 19th century, various quarters of Poznań differed in terms of infrastructure, including access to clean water. This paper aims to analyse whether these spatial and social inequalities related to the quarter of residence in the city, and thereby whether access to sanitary infrastructure and clean water intake, and in general, differences in living conditions, influenced the probability of death from cholera. Data from four cholera epidemics - 1852, 1855, 1866, and 1873 - were used for this purpose. In total, 16,285 individual data entries from death registers of Catholic and Protestant parishes were used regarding such information as the date of death, sex, age at death, cause of death, profession, religion, and exact address of residence. There was a significant relationship between socioeconomic factors (quarter of residence, denomination, professions) and biological factors (sex and age at death), and the distributions of deaths due to cholera and other causes. Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) revealed that living in the Old Market Square did not decrease the chance of death from cholera, and on the other hand, living on the right bank of the Warta River did not increase the chance of death from cholera. In other words, better quarter of residence did not guarantee lower morbidity and did not protect from cholera and vice versa. This work also proves a significant interaction between the quarter of residence and such variables as denomination and occupation on probability of death from specific cause. Virtually until the end of the 19th century, the sanitary conditions in Poznań were so poor that they were conducive to epidemics of infectious diseases.

The purpose of the study was to show the differences in mortality in Catholic and Lutheran communities of the 19th-century Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) and its causative factors. Data on mortality were derived from two sources: 1) parish death registers, 2) vital statistics from von Bergmann's monograph. The values of CDRs for Lutherans and Catholics were 29.25 and 31.74, respectively. Infant mortality was also lower in Lutheran populations than in Catholic ones: 258 to 296 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. Higher mortality of Catholic children than Lutheran ones was confirmed by higher values of the Crow's index in the former than in the latter. Life expectancy of a newly born child in Lutherans was 35 years, while in Catholics 4 years lower. Differences in mortality between Catholics and Lutherans in Greater Poland in the 19th century were caused by various factors one of which was religious denomination.

"This book focuses on the biological dynamics of the Lutheran populations in the Poznan province in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, its ecological and socio-cultural factors and changes over time. The analysis is based on data derived from registers of selected Lutheran parishes and Prussian statistics for the region as a whole. This material permitted a detailed study of mortality, including infant deaths, marital fertility and illegitimacy, patterns of marriage, and the state of and changes in the gene pool of the Lutheran communities in the Poznan province. Such components of their biological dynamics as mortality and fertility were strongly influenced by broadly understood cultural and environmental factors. A gradual decline in both mortality and fertility figures over time observed among the Lutherans under study was a phenomenon characteristic of the Polish lands of that time, including those under Prussian rule, strictly associated with improvement in the quality of life, medical care and ecological conditions in the province in the late 19th century. The analysis of the state of and changes in the gene pool of the Lutheran communities in the province leads to the conclusion that migratory movement was the main factor dynamizing their gene pools in the 19th and early 20th centuries."--Publisher's website

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to show the differences in the mortality rates of children from Catholic and Lutheran families in 19th century Poznań, and to elucidate the causes of these differences. Data from Catholic and Lutheran parish death registers were used. The infant death rate (IDR), neonatal and postneonatal death rates and life table biometric functions were calculated and causes of deaths were characterized. The worst child mortality values (IDR=394.4; neonatal and postneonatal death rates, respectively, 117.1 and 277.4;e0=16.14 years; Crow's Index=2.47) were obtained for the poor Catholic Parish of St Margaret. The lowest infant and neonatal and postneonatal death rates were observed to have occurred in the Catholic Parish of St Maria Magdalena situated in the city's more affluent central area (mortality rates, respectively, 269.9, 93.1 and 176.9;e0=24.63 years; Crow's Index=0.96). The widest range of differences with regard to death rates was found for the Lutheran Parish of St Cross (the infant, neonatal and postneonatal death rates were, respectively, 293.1, 99.1 and 193.9;e0=28.03 years; Crow's Index=0.92). The St Cross Parish encompassed a fairly large area of the city characterized by varying ecological conditions. Among infants and young children from the three studied populations a high frequency of deaths due to infectious diseases, diarrhoeas, dysenteries and tuberculosis were observed. Differences in the mortality of children from Catholic and Lutheran families in 19th century Poznań resulted from ecological conditions, among which water played the most important role, rather than from religious differences.

W pracy skupiono się na epidemiach chorób zakaźnych, które przetoczyły się przez region Detva, położony w Górnych Węgrzech (współcześnie obszar centralnej Słowacji) w latach 1831–1920. Cel pracy jest dwojaki: po pierwsze – zbadanie, w jakim stopniu zgony spowodowane epidemiami chorób zakaźnych wpłynęły na wartość oczekiwanego dalszego trwania życia, frakcję zmarłych i dożywających oraz prawdopodobieństwo zgonu w populacji Detvy, a po drugie – zmierzenie presji selekcyjnej poprzez zróżnicowaną umieralność, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zgonów wywołanych przez epidemie chorób zakaźnych. W pracy wykorzystano indywidualne informacje o wieku w chwili śmierci i przyczynach zgonu w regionie, spisane z ksiąg metrykalnych parafii Detva (N = 29,338). Epidemie chorób zakaźnych były głównym regulatorem śmiertelności w regionie Detva, co potwierdziły wyniki naszych badań. Wyłączenie z bazy zgonów na choroby zakaźne podniosło wartość oczekiwanego dalszego trwania życia noworodka i osobnika dorosłego o odpowiednio 1–5 lat i 1–2 lata. Wzrosła także frakcja dożywających do 5. roku, początku dojrzałości (15 lat) i do początku starości (60 lat), zaś obniżeniu uległa frakcja zmarłych i wartość prawdopodobieństwa zgonu. Po usunięciu z analiz zgonów na choroby zakaźne osłabieniu uległy także naciski selekcyjne, co potwierdzają wartości mierników sposobności do działania selekcji naturalnej.

SummaryHeight is regarded as one of the indicators of environmental stress at population level, being an excellent barometer of standard of living. The aim of this study was to describe diversity in height among populations living in different regions of the Kingdom of Poland in terms of the economic factors in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century. This study examines the height of adult inhabitants from fiveguberniyas(provinces) of the Kingdom of Poland (Łomża, Warsaw, Radom, Kalisz and Płock) collected in the years 1897–1914 (N=732 men,N=569 women). Differences in average height of male and female inhabitants across the fiveguberniyaswere examined using ANOVA and the Fisher's LSD (Least Significant Difference) test of multiple comparisons. Statistically significant differences in the height between theguberniyaswere observed. Diversity in the economic development in the studiedguberniyasof the Kingdom of Poland translated into differences in the height of their inhabitants. Moreover, an increase in mean height over time was noted.

Résumé Cet article examine si l'épidémie de choléra a tué de façon sélective par genre les populations au xix e siècle. Nous avons utilisé l'épidémie de choléra à Poznan en 1866 comme une expérimentation naturelle et spontanée, qui a durée du 18 juin au 22 octobre 1866 et qui été la plus longue épidémie de cette maladie au xix e siècle dans cette ville. Il y a eu considérablement plus de victimes de cholera parmi les femmes que les hommes ce qui a été confirmé par les taux de mortalité spécifiques au choléra : pour les hommes et les femmes 1.98 % et 2.67 %, respectivement. La différence était liée à la division des rôles sociaux entre femmes et hommes. Étant une maladie d'origine hydrique, le cholera affectait plus sévèrement les personnes qui travaillaient avec l'eau. Les femmes avaient souvent des activités domestiques en lien avec l'eau et pouvaient potentiellement avoir contact avec de l'eau contaminé pendant qu'elles cuisinaient ou préparaient de la nourriture, nettoyaient les maisons et les toilettes, lavaient, faisaient la vaisselle, etc. Des taux de mortalité plus élevés dus au cholera ont été observés parmi les femmes dont les occupations demandaient d'être en contact avec l'eau (par exemple gouvernantes, domestiques, cuisinières, infirmières et nourrices) que parmi les hommes : 61.7 % vs 38.3 %. En plus, un nombre plus important de femmes est décédé de cholera dans des hôpitaux, abris, et orphelinats, 55.1 % vs 45.9 % et dans des maisons individuelles 57.8 % vs 42.2 %.

Child labour is a controversial issue both in present day as well as in past societies. In historical perspective, studies focus on the factory labour of children during the industrialization process. On the one hand, its contribution to the family income is mentioned as a potential positive effect on the living standard of the whole family, on the other hand reference is made to the permanent health risks for children working in the factories. Using qualitative sources, there were contemporary testimonies supporting both views. The present paper, therefore, uses a rather quantitive approach referring to the number of working days lost due to illness, anthropometric indicators such a height and weight, the results of draft examinations as well as mortality differences and cause-of-death rates from "accidents" in urban and rural areas during the nineteenth century. Available data do not provide clear evidence of direct harmful effects of child labour; many indications point to a neutral or even positive effect.