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Intro -- Foreword -- HCI International 2023 Thematic Areas and Affiliated Conferences -- List of Conference Proceedings Volumes Appearing Before the Conference -- Preface -- 20th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics (EPCE 2023) -- HCI International 2024 Conference -- Contents - Part II -- Contents - Part I -- Human Factors in Aviation -- Attitude Adjustment: Enhanced ATTI Mode for Remote Pilots -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Research Problem -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Research Outline -- 3.1 Aim -- 3.2 Research Questions -- 3.3 Hypothesis -- 4 Method -- 4.1 Participant Selection -- 4.2 Apparatus -- 4.3 Procedure -- 4.4 Experimental Design and Analysis -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Qualitative Results -- 6 Discussion -- 6.1 Contribution to UAS Human Factors -- 6.2 Study Limitations -- 6.3 Future Research -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Spatial Learning in a Virtual Reality Boeing 737NG Flight Deck -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 3 Objectives -- 4 Participants -- 5 Method -- 5.1 Task -- 5.2 Materials -- 5.3 Virtual Reality System -- 6 Results -- 7 Discussion -- 7.1 Limitations -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- A Comparative Evaluation of Human Factors Intervention Approaches in Aviation Safety Management -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Different Approaches to Human Factors Intervention -- 1.2 Workforce Preferences and Recommended Interventions -- 2 Method -- 2.1 Participants -- 2.2 Research Design -- 2.3 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Evaluative Differences Amongst Intervention Approaches -- 3.2 Task, Human, and Organization Interventions More Feasible and Cost-Efficient -- 3.3 Assessed Effectiveness Subject to Mitigation Myopia -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- An In-Depth Examination of Mental Incapacitation and Startle Reflex: A Flight Simulator Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Method.

The European Union project of Single European Sky initiated a reorganization of European airspace and proposed additional measures for air traffic management to achieve the key objectives of improving efficiency and capacity while at the same time enhancing safety. The concept of multiple remote tower operation is that air traffic controllers (ATCOs) can control several airfields from a distant virtual control centre. The control of multiple airfields can be centralised to a virtual centre permitting the more efficient use of ATCO resources. This research was sponsored by the Single European Sky ATM Research Program and the ATM Operations Division of the Irish Aviation Authority. A safety case was developed for migration of multiple remote tower services to live operations. This research conducted 50 large scale demonstration trials of remote tower operations from single tower operations to multiple tower operations for safety assessment by air navigation safety regulators in 2016. A dedicated team of air traffic controllers and technology experts successfully completed the safety assessment of multiple remote tower operations in real time. The implementation of this innovative technology requires a careful balance between cost-efficiency and the safety of the air traffic control in terms of capacity and human performance. The live trial exercises demonstrated that the air traffic services provided by the remote tower for a single airport and two medium airports by a single ATCO with 'in sequence' and 'simultaneous' aircraft operation was at least as safe as provided by the local towers at Cork and Shannon aerodromes. No safety occurrence was reported nor did any operational safety issue arise during the conduct of the fifty live trial exercises.

Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) is based upon Reason's organizational model of human error which suggests that there is a 'one to many' mapping of condition tokens (HFACS level 2 psychological precursors) to unsafe act tokens (HFACS level 1 error and violations). Using accident data derived from 523 military aircraft accidents, the relationship between HFACS level 2 preconditions and level 1 unsafe acts was modelled using an artificial neural network (NN). This allowed an empirical model to be developed congruent with the underlying theory of HFACS. The NN solution produced an average overall classification rate of ca. 74% for all unsafe acts from information derived from their level 2 preconditions. However, the correct classification rate was superior for decision- and skill-based errors, than for perceptual errors and violations.

AbstractThe nature of the current rotating roster, providing 24‐h air traffic services over five irregular shifts, leads to accumulated fatigue which impairs air traffic controllers' cognitive function and task performance. It is imperative to develop an effective fatigue risk management system to improve aviation safety based upon scientific approaches.Two empirical studies were conducted to address this issue. Study 1 investigated the mixed effect of circadian rhythm disorders and resource depletion on controllers' accumulated fatigue. Then, study 2 proposed a potential biofeedback solution of quick coherence technique which can mitigate air traffic controllers' (ATCOs') fatigue while on controller working position and improve ATCOs' mental/physical health.The current two‐studies demonstrated a scientific approach to fatigue analysis and fatigue risk mitigation in the air traffic services domain. This research offers insights into the fluctuation of ATCO fatigue levels and the influence of a numbers of factors related to circadian rhythm and resource depletion impact on fatigue levels on study 1; and provides psychophysiological coherence training to increase ATCOs' fatigue resilience to mitigate negative impacts of fatigue on study 2.Based on these two studies, the authors recommended that an extra short break for air traffic controllers to permit practicing the quick coherence breathing technique for 5 min at the sixth working hour could substantially recharge cognitive resources and increase fatigue resilience. Application: Present studies highlight an effective fatigue intervention based on objective biofeedback to moderate controllers' accumulated fatigue as a result of rotating shift work. Accordingly, air navigation services providers and regulators can develop fatigue risk management systems based on scientific approaches to improve aviation safety and air traffic controller's wellbeing.

AbstractFatigue is an inevitable hazard in the provision of air traffic services and it has the potential to degrade human performance leading to occurrences. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) requires air navigation services which providers establish fatigue risk management systems (FRMS) based on scientific principles for the purpose of managing fatigue. To develop effective FRMSs, it is important to investigate the relationship between traffic volume, air traffic management occurrences, and fatigue. Fifty‐seven qualified ATCOs from a European Air Navigation Services provider participated in this research by providing data indicating their alertness levels over the course of a 24‐hour period. ATCOs' fatigue data were compared against the total of 153 occurrences and 962,328 air traffic volumes from the Eurocontrol TOKAI incident database in 2019. The result demonstrated that ATCO fatigue levels are not the main contributory factor associated with air traffic management occurrences, although fatigue did impact ATCOs' performance. High traffic volume increases ATCO cognitive task load that can surpass available attention resources leading to occurrences. Furthermore, human resilience drives ATCOs to maintain operational safety though they suffer from circadian fatigue. Consequently, FRMS appropriately implemented can be used to mitigate the effects of fatigue. First‐line countermeasure strategies should focus on enough rest breaks and roster schedule optimization; secondary strategies should focus on monitoring ATCOs' task loads that may induce fatigue. It is vital to consider traffic volume and ATCOs' alertness levels when implementing effective fatigue risk management protocols.