Biographical note: Ming-huei Lee (Dr. phil.) ist Research Fellow an der Academia Sinica, Taipei/Taiwan und lehrt Philosophie an der National Taiwan University, Taipei. Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte sind der Konfuzianismus und die Philosophie Immanuel Kants.
Summary This article investigates the history of midwifery from the 1920s to 1940s in China through looking at the linkage between modern midwifery and maternal mortality in urban areas. It first shows that people's perceptions of maternal mortality and its causes changed from the nineteenth to the twentieth century, and that a modern form of midwifery service took shape in the Republican era (1912–49) in order for reducing maternal mortality rate and building a strong nation. Evidence from urban areas of Beijing and Sichuan between the 1920s and the 1940s demonstrates that the practice of modern midwifery varied with medical infrastructure and personnel in different places, and that modern midwives in small towns may practise against the rules, taking the initiative to use forceps and perform surgery to save mothers' lives. The relationship between modern midwifery and maternal mortality in the researched period was more complex than medical experts' anticipation.
In: Li , M 2020 , ' Childbirth transformation and new style midwifery in Beijing, 1926 – 1937 ' , The History of the Family. An International Quarterly , vol. 25 , no. 3 , pp. 406-431 . https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2019.1686710 ; ISSN:1081-602X
This article offers a comparative analysis of the transformation of midwifery practices in Beijing city and its rural neighborhood in China between 1926 and 1937. From the 1920s onwards, impelled by supports of governments, academic groups and foreign foundations, a reform of midwifery practices was triggered across China. Beijing was one of the forerunners in this reform. Through examining the midwifery regulations, the new style midwifery service, the midwife education/training programs, as well as the consequential influences on birth attendants and birth outcomes (neonatal, infant and maternal mortality rates) in Beijing's first health district and the nearby Qinghe district, this article shows that in the urban district the trained birth attendants performed better than the untrained personnel in preventing neonatal deaths. Also, the growing use of trained midwifery contributed to the reduction of infant and maternal mortality rates in the urban community. However, because of the paucity of sources of rural areas, such positive outcomes cannot be ascertained in the rural district. Yet an obvious urban-rural divergence in midwifery services and maternal care is still observed.
In: Li , M 2020 , ' Transforming childbirth practices : New style midwifery in China, 1912 – 1949 ' , Doctor of Philosophy , University of Groningen , [Groningen] . https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.127915946
Over the last three centuries, childbirth has gradually become an issue of public concern worldwide, being linked increasingly to the welfare of populations and nations. During this process, medical improvements in obstetrics and midwifery have been introduced to daily childbirth practices by medical authorities and enforced by state governments in many countries, significantly contributing to the decline of childbirth-related mortality rates. This dissertation focuses on the transformation of childbirth practices in China during the Republican era (1912-1949) and its impacts on neonatal, infant, and maternal mortality rates. By using governmental archives, reports of hospitals and health stations, demographic and social surveys, and other historical sources, this dissertation first investigates how missionary and governmental initiatives pushed forward the institutionalization of childbirth in different parts of China from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. Then the dissertation presents case studies of Beijing (1926-1937) and Sichuan (1938-1949), as well as three comparisons regarding neonatal and maternal mortality rates in China and elsewhere in the world, through which it analyzes how biomedical approaches of the "new style midwifery" helped prevent neonatal, infant and maternal mortality by reducing infection-related diseases during and after childbirth. Combining qualitative and quantitative methods, this dissertation provides new insights into how childbirth became less risky across time and space.
В статье с помощью технологии визуализации "CiteSpace" рассматривается проблема перевода текстов политического дискурса Китая. ; The article uses the visualization technology "CiteSpace 5.8" to review the history of research of the problem of translating texts of Chinese political discourse. The practical material of the analysis comprises 495 periodical articles in journals and 72 dissertations for the period 2012-2021 devoted to the translation of political discourse. The au-thors analyze the trends and topics that have caused a "surge of interest" in this area.
There is evidence that emotion induced in the process of encoding impairs associative memory, yet the effect of post-encoding emotion on second language vocabulary learning remains largely unclear. An experiment was carried out to examine the effects of post-encoding emotion (positive, negative, and neutral) on learning of multidimensional vocabulary knowledge, that is, productive and receptive vocabulary knowledge in five aspects: orthography, meaning and form, grammatical function, syntagmatic association, and paradigmatic association. To carry out the study, 106 Chinese students voluntarily took part in the present study and they were randomly divided into positive group, negative group, and control group. After completing the vocabulary learning task and undergoing emotion manipulation by three video clips (positive, negative, and neutral), all participants sequentially took a multidimensional vocabulary test containing 10 subtests in a immediate, delayed, and post-delayed tests. The result showed a significant impairing effect of post-encoding emotion, especially positive one, on both item memory and associative memory under a longer retention interval, and no significant effect of post-encoding emotion upon semantic memory was found. Both theoretical and practical implications for second language vocabulary learning was put forward.
PurposeBased on resource dependence theory and transaction cost economics this study explores how green customer integration (GCI) affects financial performance via information sharing and opportunistic behavior, and the moderating effects of dependence and trust.Design/methodology/approachThis study develops a theoretical model and tests it using data from two-waved survey data of 206 Chinese manufacturers. The hypotheses were tested using hierarchical linear regression analysis.FindingsThe results show that GCI has a significant and positive impact on information sharing, but its impact on opportunistic behavior is insignificant. Notably, information sharing has a significant and positive impact on financial performance, while opportunistic behavior has an insignificant impact on financial performance. In addition, dependence negatively moderates the impact of GCI on information sharing and positively moderates the impact of GCI on opportunistic behavior. Trust negatively moderates the impact of GCI on opportunistic behavior.Originality/valueAlthough GCI has received widespread attention, how it affects a firm's performance remains unclear. Most previous studies have focused only on its bright side and ignored its dark side. This study highlights how GCI affects financial performance through information sharing and opportunistic behavior, and the moderating effects of dependence and trust. This enriches the understanding of how and under what conditions GCI affects a firm's performance.
In the smart antenna system, the transmit and receive (T/R) module is one of the core components as it accounts for nearly 45% of the overall smart antenna system cost. Due to the high implementation cost of the T/R module, the literature was mainly centered around the military and satellite radar applications. However, over the years, the cost of the T/R module has been reduced drastically by leveraging on the advanced manufacturing technology, volume production pricing and adaptation of the commercially available off-the-shelf components, as a result, the adoption of the T/R module in commercial and industrial application become possible. In this work, we have proposed a commercially affordable T/R module that operates in 4.9 – 5.9 GHz band for commercial and industrial applications. The T/R module was designed, calibrated, and characterized for use in the beamforming smart antenna system. The design process including the circuit, schematic and printed circuit board (PCB) were highlighted. The proposed recursive calibration process managed to correct the phase error to ± 1° and amplitude error to ± 0.2 dB. In addition, the amplitude distribution of 0.5-1-1-0.5 combination has successfully suppressed the side-lobe level (SLL) to -28.7 dB for 0°, -22.71 dB for ± 20° and -12.77 dB for ± 40° beam steering. This work is aimed to promote the adoption of the T/R module into the commercial and industrial applications such as public or government infrastructure.