Suchergebnisse

A grass-roots perspective -- The fieldwork area -- Roots of Japanese religiosity -- Finding one's way -- Growing up -- House and car -- Work -- Leisure -- Times of crisis -- Death -- Shifting worldviews

Preface David C. Lewis Introduction He Ming Part 1: Ethnicity and Migration 1 Transnational Migration and Ethnic-group Identity in the Context of Globalization: Issues raised by case studies from the border regions of Southwest China He Ming 2 The Cultural Adaptation of the Wa Floating Population -- A case study of Damasan village in Ximeng, Yunnan Yuan E 3 Difficulties in Development at a Nation's Margin Ma Chongwei and Zhang Zhenwei 4 Historical Heritage and the Construction of Historical Identity of Ethnic Groups in Mountainous Regions of Yunnan -- The Case of the De'ang Nationality Li Xiaobin and Yuan Lihua Part 2: Ethnicity and Marriage 5 Changing History, with the Same Root -- A Case study on Marriage Customs in Nagu, a town in Yunnan Gui Rong and Zhang Xiaoyan 6 Interpretations of the Social and Cultural Meanings of Dowry among the Miao People -- Based on the example of Bajiaoqing Village in Fumin County of Yunnan Province Li Xin and Yang Liyun Part 3: Christianity 7 The role of Christianity in the prohibition of opium in Yunnan in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China periods Zhu Yingzhan 8 From school to village: An Anthropological Analysis of Ethnic Minority Cultural Identity in Guangshan Ma Juli 9 Transnational Hmong Protestant Evangelism in Mainland Southeast Asia Prasit Leepreecha Part 4: Islam 10 Muslim Diversity and Localization: The Hui Ethnic Group in Yunnan Feng Yu 11 Cultural Change and Adaptation of the Hui People in the Diqingzang Region of Yunnan Li Zhinong Part 5: Other Religions 12 Functions of Magic in Contemporary Sharen Society -- A Case Study on Magic among the Sharen of Babao Township Tan Xiaoxia 13 The Custom of 'Secondary Burial' through the interaction between Tibetan Buddhism and Confucian Culture -- a Case Study of Benzilan Tibetan Village in Deqin County, Diqing Prefecture, Yunnan Province Li Zhinong and Qiao Wenhong

Communities across the United States are examining the manufacture, use, transport, and storage of hydrogen fluoride (HF) near residential areas as a consequence of a major release of HF in Texas in 1987. Reference exposure levels for routine and accidental HF emissions are calculated using existing animal and human data. The approach employs a logprobit extrapolation of concentration‐response data to the 95% lower confidence limit on the toxic concentration producing a "benchmark dose" of 1% response (TC01), called a practical threshold. Species‐specific and chemical‐specific adjustment factors are applied to develop exposure levels applicable to the general public. Using this method, the 1‐hr reference exposure level to protect the public against any irritation from a routine emission (REL‐1) is 0.7 ppm and the level to protect against severe irritation from a once‐in‐a‐lifetime (REL‐2) release is 2 ppm. This approach is compared to a modified "uncertainty factor" approach.

Benchmark dose (BMD) analysis was used to estimate an inhalation benchmark concentration for styrene neurotoxicity. Quantal data on neuropsychologic test results from styrene‐exposed workers [Mutti et al. (1984). American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 5, 275–286] were used to quantify neurotoxicity, defined as the percent of tested workers who responded abnormally to ≥1, ≥2, or ≥3 out of a battery of eight tests. Exposure was based on previously published results on mean urinary mandelic‐ and phenylglyoxylic acid levels in the workers, converted to air styrene levels (15, 44, 74, or 115 ppm). Nonstyrene‐exposed workers from the same region served as a control group. Maximum‐likelihood estimates (MLEs) and BMDs at 5 and 10% response levels of the exposed population were obtained from lognormal analysis of the quantal data. The highest MLE was 9 ppm (BMD = 4 ppm) styrene and represents abnormal responses to ≥3 tests by 10% of the exposed population. The most health‐protective MLE was 2 ppm styrene (BMD = 0.3 ppm) and represents abnormal responses to ≥1 test by 5% of the exposed population. A no observed adverse effect level/lowest observed adverse effect level (NOAEL/LOAEL) analysis of the same quantal data showed workers in all styrene exposure groups responded abnormally to ≥1, ≥2, or ≥3 tests, compared to controls, and the LOAEL was 15 ppm. A comparison of the BMD and NOAEL/LOAEL analyses suggests that at air styrene levels below the LOAEL, a segment of the worker population may be adversely affected. The benchmark approach will be useful for styrene noncancer risk assessment purposes by providing a more accurate estimate of potential risk that should, in turn, help to reduce the uncertainty that is a common problem in setting exposure levels.