Suchergebnisse

Intro -- COMMON PROBLEMS IN AMBULATORY PEDIATRICS: SPECIFIC CLINICAL PROBLEMS, VOLUME 1 -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Chronic Non-specific Diarrhea of Childhood -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Etiology -- Clinical Manifestations -- Laboratory Investigations -- Diagnosis -- Management -- Prognosis -- References -- Chapter 2: Gastroesophageal Reflux -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Pathophysiology -- Clinical Manifestations -- Complications -- Diagnostic Studies -- Esophagography -- Radionuclide Gastroesophagography -- 24-Hour Intra-esophageal pH Monitoring -- Intraluminal Esophageal Electrical Impedance -- Esophageal Manometry -- Esophagoscopy and Biopsy -- Management -- Medical Management -- Surgical Treatment -- Prognosis -- References -- Chapter 3: Infantile Perianal Protrusions -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Etiology and Pathogenesis -- Clinical Manifestations -- Differential Diagnosis -- Management -- References -- Chapter 4: Anal Fissure -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Incidence -- Etiology and Pathogenesis -- Clinical Manifestations -- Management -- References -- Chapter 5: Umbilical Hernia -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Etiology and Embryology -- Clinical Manifestations -- Diagnostic Studies -- Differential Diagnosis -- Complications -- Management -- References -- Chapter 6: Indirect Inguinal Hernia -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Incidence -- Pathogenesis -- Clinical Manifestations -- Complications -- Clinical Evaluation -- Diagnostic Studies -- Differential Diagnosis -- Management -- References -- Chapter 7: Hydrocele -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Incidence -- Pathogenesis -- Clinical Manifestations -- Complications -- Diagnosis -- Diagnostic Studies -- Differential Diagnosis -- Management -- References -- Chapter 7: Cryptorchidism -- Abstract -- Introduction.

Intro -- COMMON PROBLEMS IN AMBULATORY PEDIATRICS SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS -- COMMON PROBLEMS IN AMBULATORY PEDIATRICS SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Fever* -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Definition -- Temperature Measurement -- Pathogenesis -- Benefits and Adverse Effects -- Etiology -- Clinical Evaluation -- Laboratory Studies -- Management -- Treatment of the Underlying Cause -- Symptomatic Treatment -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Hyperhidrosis -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Anatomy and Physiology of Sweating -- Epidemiology -- Etiology -- Idiopathic -- Physiologic -- Emotional Factors -- Hot Environment -- Over-Clothing -- Exercise -- Febrile Illness -- Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders -- Thyrotoxicosis -- Diabetes Mellitus -- Hypoglycemia -- Gigantism and Acromegaly -- Pheochromocytoma -- Drugs, Toxins, and Substance Abuse -- Cardiovascular Disorders -- Respiratory Failure -- Hodgkin Disease -- Intrathoracic Neoplasms or Lesions -- Carcinoid Tumor -- Gustatory Hyperhidrosis -- Olfactory Hyperhidrosis -- Spinal Cord Injuries -- Compensatory Hyperhidrosis -- Familial Dysautonomia (Riley-Day Syndrome) -- Clinical Evaluation -- History -- Age of Onset -- Severity -- Location -- Time of Occurrence -- Precipitating Factors -- Associated Symptoms -- Drug Use -- Psychosocial History -- Past Health -- Family History -- Physical Examination -- General -- Associated Signs -- Diagnostic Studies -- Complications -- Management -- References -- Chapter 3 Hypohidrosis* -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Etiology -- Dehydration -- Dermatosis Associated with Poral Occlusion -- Physical Damage -- Pharmacologic Agents -- Neonatal Hypohidrosis -- Hypohidrotic (Anhidrotic) Ectodermal Dysplasia -- Congential Absence of Eccrine Sweat Glands without other Ectodermal Defects -- Incontinentia Pigmenti -- Hypothyroidism

Abstract

Aims
To examine the effect of alcohol cue exposure on tobacco-related cravings, self-administration and other measures of tobacco-related cue reactivity.


Methods
We searched Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL and Scopus from inception to May 2020 for articles reporting on a combination of cue reactivity (and/or cross-cue reactivity), alcohol use and tobacco consumption. A semi-quantitative analysis and study quality assessment were performed for the included articles.


Results
A total of 37 articles met our inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Most studies (60%) reported that alcohol cue exposure increased tobacco cravings, but only 18% of studies reported that alcohol cue exposure resulted in an increase in ad libitum smoking. There was also substantial heterogeneity between studies due to differences in methodology related to alcohol cue exposure, measures of tobacco cravings, as well as variable participant and study characteristics.


Conclusions
Alcohol cue exposure can increase cravings for tobacco. This has important implications for individuals who use both substances but are trying to quit one or both.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco-related disease is the single largest preventable cause of death in the world today, killing around 5.4 million people a year – an average of one person every six seconds. The total number of death caused by tobacco consumption is higher than that of tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria combined. Unlike other communicable diseases, however, tobacco-related disease has a man-made consensus vector – the tobacco companies that play an active role to promote tobacco consumption, which directly heightens the disease morbidity. Any public health policy designed to curb smoking behavior has to prepare for opposite lobbying actions from tobacco companies that undermine the effects of the health measures. Another unique nature of the tobacco epidemic is that it can be cured, not by medicines or vaccines, but on the concerted actions of government and civil society. Many countries with a history of tobacco control measures indeed experienced a reduction of tobacco consumption. As most of these governments launched a range of measures simultaneously, it is hard to quantify the relative merits of different control strategies that contributed to the drop in the number of smokers. These packages of strategies can come in different forms but with some common features. Political actions with government support, funding, and protection are crucial. Without these, antismoking efforts in any part of the world are unlikely to be successful.