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Includes appendix and index. ; v. 1. Histoire politique et sociale de la République de Sienne -- v. 2. L'Art Siennois. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The dramatic political changes that have recently taken place in South Africa have focussed attention on the adequacy of the existing controls on deceptive advertising. On the one hand, there is a recognition that, due to the limited access to educational opportunities in the past, the majority of South African consumers might be particularly susceptible to deceptive advertising and thus existing controls might need to be tightened. On the other hand, the new interim Constitution has elevated freedom of speech and access to the media to the status of fundamental rights to which other controls are subject. These rights are likely to provide a basis to challenge both the existing controls and any attempt to tighten the control of advertising content. This article outlines the controls on deceptive advertising that currently exist in South Africa. It then examines the current debate surrounding the need for and the efficacy of such controls.

A variety of legal issues can arise when a television commercial is alleged to constitute "misleading or deceptive conduct" in contravention of section 52 of the Trade Practices Act or equivalent legislation. One of these issues is whether the commercial conveys the implied claim that is alleged to be false. Researchers in the field of consumer psychology have devised a variety of tests of the implied claims conveyed by a television commercial. However none of these researchers has shown that their test provides evidence that a judge would find persuasive. This paper describes a method of assessing the weight that test results might be accorded in legal proceedings. The method involves an experiment in which 45 barristers are asked to predict the outcome of nine hypothetical court cases. Being hypothetical, no inference is intended that any company's advertising might be misleading or deceptive. The method is used to assess the impact of tests in which a representative sample of the viewing public is asked to respond to written questions after watching the commercial in a movie theatre. The study shows that this type of test could provide highly persuasive evidence in legal proceedings of the implied claims in a television commercial.

There is an urgent need for strategies to address the US epidemic of prescription opioid, heroin and fentanyl-related overdoses, misuse, addiction, and diversion. Evidence-based treatment such as medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are available but lack numbers of providers offering these services to meet the demands. Availability of electronic health record (EHR) systems has greatly increased and led to innovative quality improvement initiatives but this has not yet been optimized to address the opioid epidemic or to treat opioid use disorder (OUD). This report from a clinical decision support (CDS) working group convened by the NIDA Center for the Clinical Trials Network aims to converge electronic technology in the EHR with the urgent need to improve screening, identification, and treatment of OUD in primary care settings through the development of a CDS algorithm that could be implemented as a tool in the EHR. This aim is consistent with federal, state and local government and private sector efforts to improve access and quality of MOUD treatment for OUD, existing clinical quality and HEDIS measures for OUD or drug and alcohol use disorders, and with a recent draft grade B recommendation from the US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) for screening for illicit drug use in adults when appropriate diagnosis, treatment and care services can be offered or referred. Through a face-to-face expert panel meeting and multiple follow-up conference calls, the working group drafted CDS algorithms for clinical care felt to be essential for screening, diagnosis, and management of OUD in primary care. The CDS algorithm was reviewed by addiction specialists and primary care providers and revised based on their input. A clinical decision support tool for OUD screening, assessment, and treatment within primary care systems may help improve healthcare delivery to help address the current epidemic of opioid misuse and overdose that has outpaced the capacity of specialized treatment settings. A semi-structured ...