Suchergebnisse

El trabajo de las mujeres en la industria maquiladora de México: balance de cuatro décadas de estudio

Este artículo tiene como propósito analizar la transitabilidad que experimentan los migrantes forzados, a través de categorías migratorias como "desplazados forzados internos" o "solicitantes de protección internacional" mediante refugio, asilo o retorno forzado. Para ello, se utiliza como caso de estudio la información de la Encuesta de Mexicanos Desplazados Solicitantes de Asilo (ENMEDESA), realizada en 2019 en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, a partir de cuyo análisis se concluye que los actuales contextos de movilidad forzada, derivados de la violencia, sobrepasan las categorías migratorias, insuficientes para explicar y atender este fenómeno, evidenciando su complejidad y multidimensionalidad, en donde los sujetos adquieren perfiles migratorios con un alto grado de transitabilidad que desdibuja la responsabilidad de los Estados para atender, proteger y garantizar la seguridad de las personas migrantes forzadas.
Palabras clave: Migración forzada, Desplazamiento forzado interno, Asilo, Violencia, Ciudad Juárez

El objetivo del artículo es argumentar que, la toma de muestras de ADN a migrantes y solicitantes de asilo, es un dispositivo biopolítico de vigilancia genética que usa el cuerpo de los migrantes como un mecanismo de control fronterizo. El artículo es abordado teóricamente desde el concepto de biopolítica propuesto por Foucault (1998), las aportaciones de Agamben (1998) respecto a la categoría Estado de excepción y el papel de lo que denomina la nuda vida en el sujeto de la biopolítica, que conceptualiza como el homo sacer y se aplica a la persona migrante. La estrategia metodológica es cuantitativa, a partir de los resultados de la Encuesta de Migrantes Extranjeros y Solicitantes de Asilo (ENMIEXSA). Los resultados muestran que, los datos biométricos y la información obtenida de las muestras de ADN a migrantes y solicitantes de asilo, otorgan un poder único para el control migratorio a las agencias del gobierno de Estados Unidos, al tener un bajo nivel de error en el proceso de identificación de la población migrante. Además, permiten contar con el perfil genético completo de la población migrante y de solicitantes de protección internacional, como instrumento que puede ser usado durante el proceso migratorio.

Multiple pathogens affect sugarcane, among them Puccinia melanocephala, the causal agent of brown rust. This disease was first reported in Cuba in 1979 when it was responsible for a severe attack on the main sugarcane variety B4362. The aims of the present study were to give an overview of sugarcane brown rust in Cuba and show the current disease situation in the country. A retrospective analysis regard to sugarcane cultivar composition resistant to brown rust in Cuba was carried out. In addition 154 genotypes, including the most used progenitors in the breeding program and commercial varieties were evaluated under natural infection conditions. The identity of P. melanocephala was verified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and by sequencing the ITS1 region. After the introduction of P. melanocephala into Cuba, the susceptible variety, B4362, was replaced by Ja60-5 which remained resistant until 1998. Since 2002, a varietal policy supported by a governmental resolution establishing that any single cultivar cannot occupy more than 20 % of the production area for each production company, local area and province, has been applied. Out of the genotypes evaluated, 49 showed resistance to the disease and 35 intermediate behavior, while 39 were susceptible and 31, highly susceptible. P. melanocephala was detected by PCR in all symptomatic samples and its identify confirmed by sequencing the ITS1 region. The adopted measurement together with permanent phytosanitary monitoring and commercial release of resistant or intermediate cultivars succeeded in avoiding any new epidemic. Inoculum pressure was reduced, even on susceptible and highly susceptible varieties since, by resolution, they cannot occupy more than 10 % of the planted area.

ABSTRACT: Multiple pathogens affect sugarcane, among them Puccinia melanocephala, the causal agent of brown rust. This disease was first reported in Cuba in 1979 when it was responsible for a severe attack on the main sugarcane variety B4362. The aims of the present study were to give an overview of sugarcane brown rust in Cuba and show the current disease situation in the country. A retrospective analysis regard to sugarcane cultivar composition resistant to brown rust in Cuba was carried out. In addition 154 genotypes, including the most used progenitors in the breeding program and commercial varieties were evaluated under natural infection conditions. The identity of P. melanocephala was verified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and by sequencing the ITS1 region. After the introduction of P. melanocephala into Cuba, the susceptible variety, B4362, was replaced by Ja60-5 which remained resistant until 1998. Since 2002, a varietal policy supported by a governmental resolution establishing that any single cultivar cannot occupy more than 20 % of the production area for each production company, local area and province, has been applied. Out of the genotypes evaluated, 49 showed resistance to the disease and 35 intermediate behavior, while 39 were susceptible and 31, highly susceptible. P. melanocephala was detected by PCR in all symptomatic samples and its identify confirmed by sequencing the ITS1 region. The adopted measurement together with permanent phytosanitary monitoring and commercial release of resistant or intermediate cultivars succeeded in avoiding any new epidemic. Inoculum pressure was reduced, even on susceptible and highly susceptible varieties since, by resolution, they cannot occupy more than 10 % of the planted area.