Suchergebnisse

En Chiapas existen 44 áreas naturales protegidas (ANP), las cuales sufren de constante presión por el cambio de uso de suelo a sistemas agropecuarios que son relacionados con impactos negativos en las ANP. Este documento analizó la influencia de la ganadería en zonas de amortiguamiento. Se eligieron 32 productores en 3 comunidades. Se recabó información con entrevistas semi-estructuradas y talleres participativos. La información fue analizada con un FODA modificado contrastando la actividad ganadera con el enfoque de capitales de la comunidad. El estudio evidenció que alrededor de 2007 la influencia institucional en la expansión y manejo de las actividades agropecuarias promovieron impactos negativos al ambiente. Debido a esto, los objetivos institucionales se enfocaron al desarrollo de prácticas sostenibles. Durante el acompañamiento institucional se llevaron a cabo capacitaciones a los diversos grupos de productores; como resultado se fomentó la organización local y la implementación de tecnología agropecuaria (sistemas silvopastoriles). La actividad ganadera en las tres comunidades tiene distintos grados de desarrollo; sin embargo, son coincidentes de manera general en el manejo poco amigable con el ambiente. No obstante, la intervención institucional ha influido en cambios del sistema productivo, orientando a implementar prácticas más sostenibles. Se considera que procesos participativos e inclusivos fomentarán una re-culturalización productiva dirigida a la sostenibilidad integral del territorio.

En Chiapas existen 44 áreas naturales protegidas (ANP), las cuales sufren de constante presión por el cambio de uso de suelo a sistemas agropecuarios que son relacionados con impactos negativos en las ANP. Este documento analizó la influencia de la ganadería en zonas de amortiguamiento. Se eligieron 32 productores en 3 comunidades. Se recabó información con entrevistas semi-estructuradas y talleres participativos. La información fue analizada con un FODA modificado contrastando la actividad ganadera con el enfoque de capitales de la comunidad. El estudio evidenció que alrededor de 2007 la influencia institucional en la expansión y manejo de las actividades agropecuarias promovieron impactos negativos al ambiente. Debido a esto, los objetivos institucionales se enfocaron al desarrollo de prácticas sostenibles. Durante el acompañamiento institucional se llevaron a cabo capacitaciones a los diversos grupos de productores; como resultado se fomentó la organización local y la implementación de tecnología agropecuaria (sistemas silvopastoriles). La actividad ganadera en las tres comunidades tiene distintos grados de desarrollo; sin embargo, son coincidentes de manera general en el manejo poco amigable con el ambiente. No obstante, la intervención institucional ha influido en cambios del sistema productivo, orientando a implementar prácticas más sostenibles. Se considera que procesos participativos e inclusivos fomentarán una re-culturalización productiva dirigida a la sostenibilidad integral del territorio.

In 1992 Colombia adopted the strategy of healthy municipalities, renamed in 1997 as healthy municipalities for peace. This strategy was promoted from different sectors and directed to social mobilization aimed at locally achieving equity, quality of life, and social development, thus allowing the creation of favorable-for-peace environments. Some municipalities have applied this strategy and both its processes as well as its results must be studied in order to learn from this experience. One of these municipalities was La Vega in the department of Cundinamarca. A case study of this municipality was carried out in order to evaluate some of the components of this strategy such as political involvement, healthy public policies, articulation between sectors and the organizational structure supporting this strategy. In this municipality the process began in 1990 as a primary health care strategy. In 1992 the mayor declared his commitment to this strategy and a plan of participative development, aimed at improving the quality of life of its population, was implemented. In this same year the Colombian Ministry of Health and the Pan American Health Organization recognized it as a healthy municipality and in 1997 it obtained the national healthy municipality prize. The relevant aspect of La Vega has been the process of community participation, basis of the work aimed at improving peoples´ health. ; La estrategia de Municipios Saludables se adoptó en Colombia en 1992 y en 1997 tomó el nombre de Municipio Saludable por la Paz. Se interpretó como una estrategia dirigida a la movilización social, impulsada desde diversos sectores para lograr la equidad, calidad de vida y desarrollo social en lo local, permitiendo la creación de ambientes propicios para la paz. Algunos municipios han aplicado esta estrategia y tanto sus procesos como resultados deben ser estudiados para aprender de su experiencia. Uno de estos municipios ha sido La Vega, ubicado en el Departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de caso de este municipio para evaluar algunos de los componentes de esta estrategia como el compromiso político, las políticas públicas saludables, la articulación intersectorial y la estructura organizativa que le sirve de soporte. El proceso en este municipio se inició en 1990, como una estrategia de atención primaria. En 1992 el alcalde municipal declaró su compromiso con la estrategia y se puso en práctica un plan de desarrollo participativo dirigido a mejorar la calidad de vida de su población. En ese mismo año el Ministerio de Salud y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud lo reconocieron como Municipio Saludable y en 1997 obtuvo el premio nacional de municipio saludable. Lo relevante de La Vega ha sido el proceso de participación comunitaria, eje del trabajo por mejorar la salud de la población.

While existing work has demonstrated that campaign donations can buy access to benefits such as favorable legislation and preferential contracting, we highlight another use of campaign contributions: buying reductions in regulatory enforcement. Specifically, we argue that in return for campaign contributions, Colombian mayors who rely on donor-funding (compared with those who do not) choose not to enforce sanctions against illegal deforestation activities. Using a regression discontinuity design, we show that deforestation is significantly higher in municipalities that elect donor-funded as opposed to self-funded politicians. Further analysis shows that only part of this effect can be explained by differences in contracting practices by donor-funded mayors. Instead, evidence of heterogeneity in the effects according to the presence of alternative formal and informal enforcement institutions, and analysis of fire clearance, support the interpretation that campaign contributions buy reductions in the enforcement of environmental regulations.

In this article, we explore the use of the image as a strategy to understand how natural disasters and coloniality impact the health of marginalized communities. We focus on the aftermath of Hurricane María in Puerto Rico and aim to describe how local people used the image as a strategy to challenge the invisibility fostered by coloniality and advocate for a more humane, equitable and effective public health response. We implemented a mixed methods research design including: (1) ethnographic observations, (2) qualitative in-depth interviews with 67 representatives of the health care system, (3) photographs they had taken as part of their experiences during and after the hurricane and (4) images from local newspapers and social media. In light of the findings we argue that Puerto Ricans engaged in decolonial visual resistance to manage the aftermath of the hurricane. Thus, while surviving the natural disaster, they challenged the traditional use of the image in public health endeavours.

Thyroid hormones are involved in many developmental and physiological processes, including osmoregulation. The regulation of the thyroid system by environmental salinity in the euryhaline gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) is still poorly characterized. To this end seabreams were exposed to four different environmental salinities (5, 15, 40 and 55 ppt) for 14 days, and plasma free thyroid hormones (fT3, ff4), outer ring deiodination and Na+/K+ -ATPase activities in gills and kidney, as well as other osmoregulatory and metabolic parameters were measured. Low salinity conditions (5 ppt) elicited a significant increase in fT3 (29%) and ff4 (184%) plasma concentrations compared to control animals (acclimated to 40 ppt, natural salinity conditions in the Bay of Cadiz, Spain), while the amount of pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone subunit 13 (tshb) transcript abundance remained unchanged. In addition, plasma fT4 levels were positively correlated to renal and branchial deiodinase type 2 (dio2) mRNA expression. Gill and kidney T4-outer ring deiodination activities correlated positively with dio2 mRNA expression and the highest values were observed in fish acclimated to low salinities (5 and 15 ppt). The high salinity (55 ppt) exposure caused a significant increase in tshb expression (65%), but deiodinase gene expression (diol and dio2) and activity did not change and were similar to controls (40 ppt). In conclusion, acclimation to different salinities led to changes in the peripheral regulation of thyroid hormone metabolism in seabream. Therefore, thyroid hormones are involved in the regulation of ion transport and osmoregulatory physiology in this species. The conclusions derived from this study may also allow aquaculturists to modulate thyroid metabolism in seabream by adjusting culture salinity. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ; Socrates/Erasmus Grant from the European Union ; University of Cadiz [UCA 2009-074-FPI] ; Ministerio de Education y Ciencia, Spain [AGL2007-61211/ACU] ; FEDER, Spain ...

Background: Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods: This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings: Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16-30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77-0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50-0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80-0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54-0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation: Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services.