Suchergebnisse

The modern global financial system is based on unlimited dollar issuance, which is backed by a key reserve asset – US debt obligations. The concept of official foreign exchange reserves promoted by the IMF puts in a privileged position the countries with reserve currencies, primarily the United State. This concept has exhausted the possibilities for productive investment of the savings of the rest of the world. As a result, the savings of the periphery of the global economy are directed to the consumption and speculative spheres. Global financial crises has proved – despite speculative activities banks have priority support from key central banks. Developing countries objectively claim a parity distribution of the benefits and costs of financial globalization, as they play an increasingly important role in global value chains. As a donor of the global financial system, Russia is practically not involved in the distribution of profits in the global financial market. As the largest supplier of raw materials, intellectual and financial resources, Russia requires new solutions in the field of international monetary circulation.

The topicality of the research is caused by necessity of improvement of information capacity, completeness, and accu-racy of the data included in the accounting system, in particu-lar, settlements with contractors, through the implementation of common principles groups, assessment, analysis and control. The article considers practical issues about the possibility, based on the terms of commercial contracts, the existence of acts of performed work (rendered service), signed by the contractor unilaterally, as the documents confirming the fact of execution of work (services). The analysis of the current legislation in the framework of the matter under discussion. On the basis of the conducted research provided the author's point of view, practical recommendations. ; Актуальность темы исследования обусловлена необходимостью повышения информационной емкости, полноты и достоверности данных, отраженных в системе бухгалтерского учета, в частности, расчетов с контрагентами, на основе реализации единых принципов группировки, оценки, анализа и контроля. В статье рассмотрены практические вопросы о возможности, исходя из условий хозяйственных договоров, существования актов выполненных работ (оказанных услуг), подписанных исполнителем в одностороннем порядке, как документов, подтверждающих факт выполнения работ (оказания услуг). Приведен анализ норм действующего законодательства в рамках обсуждаемого вопроса. На основании проведенного исследования предоставлена авторская точка зрения, даны практические рекомендации.

Regulation of capital outflows has become an important task for the Russian economic policy. Such regulation needs the real picture of the Russian outward foreign direct investment (FDI) geography without distortions by official statistics with its data on indirect FDI via offshores. The article is based on new empirical FDI data collected by the author. This information shows the dominance of Wider Europe in the Russian outward FDI geography. The regional character of many Russian multinationals can be explained by several key factors, including the importance of market-seeking FDI motives, Russian oligarchs' attempts at increasing their bargaining power and relatively comfortable business climate of neighboring countries in combination with the lack of experience and weak state support of Russian investors abroad. At the end of the article, some measures for regulation of FDI outflows are offered for diversification of the Russian outward FDI geography. Russian companies need information and institutional support which is a crucial type of incentives for initial stages of their investment projects abroad. Bilateral investment and double taxation treaties are main measures of institutional support. State insurance of investments is a key element of support for mature projects abroad.

A new electrolyte composition and deposition conditions of quality (light, densely packed, homogeneous) copper coatings on zinc and its alloys were found. It was established that the electrochemical deposition of copper is possible from an alkaline solution containing propylene glycol. It was shown that the adding of hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid in the solution stabilises the electrolyte during operation and storage. The addition of morpholine provided deposition of quality copper coatings on zinc and its alloys in a wide range of current densities.

The first publications on the spatial diffusion of foreign direct investment (FDI) appeared in the 1970s-1990s. Since then, many of their provisions have been repeatedly criticised as outdated and inconsistent with empirical evidence of the current stage of globalisation. Previously, only examples of 'newcomers' to internationalisation were used to illustrate distinct phases in the expansion of transnational companies and their effort to first establish themselves in major economic centres, as the factor of gradually growing awareness of potential investors began to play an important role. This article aims to show the persistent character of FDI spatial diffusion patterns and their correlation with the existing hierarchy of cities. In our research, we used the example of Asian companies working in the Baltic states, Finland, Sweden and Denmark, newcomers to internationalisation, not affected by the 'neighbourhood effect', and contrasted them with Western European investors. We confirmed the validity of the hierarchical wavelike model of the FDI spatial diffusion with the dominance of metropolitan urban agglomerations. It was also found that mergers and acquisitions are dominant forms of FDI in developed countries. Their ascendancy leads both to a distortion of the geographical pattern of subsidiaries networks of investor companies and to the intention of investors to sell their assets in provinces and move their head offices closer to capital cities. Consequently, there is a simplification of the structure of businesses, which is typical of the earlier stages of the FDI spatial diffusion.

This article examines China's position on the Ukrainian 'Euromaidan' crisis over Crimea, on the war in the southeast of Ukraine and on sanctions against Russia. A complex set of reasons (economic, political and geopolitical) have caused heightened interest on the part of China in the events in the Ukraine. From the start, China kept a very low profile and right up to late February 2014, made no strong statements on the crisis in Ukraine and shunned any diplomatic initiatives. Thereafter, China's official stand began to exhibit increasingly frequent signs of anti-Western rhetoric, an indication of its position over the situation in Ukraine nudging closer to that of the Russian Federation. China has swung gradually, and somewhat ambiguously, towards support for Russia primarily due to geopolitical reasons. Also, China and Russia share the desire to put up a united front in response to attempts by the United States and other Western countries to impose their attitudes on other countries.

This article develops a methodology for studying the geography of companies - an area of human geography that remains understudied in Russia. The authors refer to foreign direct investment (FDI) studies to stress the importance of analysing individual transnational corporations. Special attention is paid to FDI statistics, including international statistics provided by IMF, OECD, and UNCTAD, the official data of central banks on FDI destinations, and information on companies' assets by geographical segments. The article emphasises limitations of classical localisation concepts (e. g. A. Lösch's theory) and key concepts of transnationalisation (e. g. J. H. Dunning's "eclectic paradigm", R. Vernon's 'product life cycle', and the 'flying geese paradigm' developed by Japanese authors). Dynamic localisation concepts (e. g. the Uppsala model and hierarchical/wave diffusion models) are considered an important contribution to the existing theoretical framework for studying FDI geography. Various patterns of spatial d istribution of FDI are examined taking Russian transboundary investments, including those distorted by the "neighbourhood effect" as an example.

The aim of this study is to examine the place of the Baltic States on the corporate world map, a contemporary, foreign-investment-driven alternative to the more familiar political map. To this end, the author studies the geographical place of the Baltics in the documentation of transnational corporations. The research database consists of financial reports and presentations of 60 leading European (including Russian) transnational corporations. Special attention is paid to companies from countries with significant FDI stock in the Baltic States. This study is a first step towards analyzing international investors' interpretation of the new European borders. The connection between the neighborhood effect on FDI distribution and geographical segmentation in the corporate paperwork is established. Some companies use a multilevel division (e. g. Europe/Eastern Europe), where the Baltics is usually associated with "Europe" (with or without Russia and Turkey). However, in some cases the Baltic States are clustered u nder "home market" (as is the case with some Swedish companies), "former Soviet Union" (some Russian companies), "Northern Europe and Central Asia," and even "Middle East and Eastern Europe." Varying understanding of where exactly th borders of Europe lie could explain the plurality of attitudes of the European business establishment to the EU sanctions against Russia.

The paper examines flows of foreign direct
investment within the Baltic region. The author
demonstrates close investment ties among the
EU members, which are of special importance
for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Transborder
corporate integration in the region is
characterized by significant imbalances. In
many aspects, it can be viewed as Sweden's
economic expansion or development of domestic
markets for northern European companies.
Although many German, Polish and Russian
companies are involved in corporate integration
in the Baltic region, other vectors of their
foreign economic relations are still more important
for them. As a result, the integration of
Russian business in the Baltic part of the
European integration area is still rather weak
despite Russia's considerable foreign direct
investment in the Baltic States.

The article describes changes in the cross-border cooperation support in the framework of the EU Regional Policy. The author emphasises the role of the European Neighbourhood Policy in the development of cross-border cooperation with non-EU countries. The article outlines the main obstacles for the development of euroregions at the EU-Russia border and arrives at the conclusion that their future depends on the success of the Russia-EU integration process in general.