Suchergebnisse

AbstractThis article analyzes the role of welfare systems in shaping migration patterns in central and eastern Europe. It argues that states have played a crucial role in affecting migration by creating and widening opportunities for potential and actual migrants through welfare system policies. This explains whyCEEcountries where social spending figures have been lower, unemployment benefit schemes less extensive and where labour market mismatches remained unaddressed, experienced greater out‐migration. The article contributes to our understanding of how sending countries' institutional factors affect out‐migration by investigating the role of sending states' institutions.

This article investigates the development over time of the automotive and textile industries post-1989 in four Central European countries in order to identify the key reasons behind sectoral growth or decline. The analysis demonstrates a divergent pattern of sectoral development, one that is in contrast to the perceived initial endowments of the countries and the structural positions of the sectors at the outset of the transition. Comparing the two sectors and individual success stories within them against a broader background of sectoral success and failure allows us to understand and isolate factors that lie behind the high status of the automotive sector by not only regional but also international standards. The article identifies three crucial factors that can be attributed to these outcomes: presence of foreign capital in the sector, active government support, and cooperative strategies among the firms in the sector and among the firms and other institutions in the countries.

The understanding of how institutional and policy contexts affect immigrant integration is essential for any effort to foster a sustainable and effective migration and integration policy framework. Immigrant-native labor market gaps may arise due to differences in human capital or other socio-economic and demographic characteristics, but also due to differentiated impacts of institutions and policies on otherwise similar immigrants and natives. Different integration policy approaches are needed to close the gaps arising through these different mechanisms. This paper exploits the variation across Europe to study the institutional and policy determinants of immigrant-native gaps in host labor markets. Using the EU Labor Source Survey as the primary source of data and a novel analytical approach we study immigrant-native gaps in labor force participation, unemployment, low-skilled employment and temporary employment and measure the contribution of institutional and policy contexts to the part of these gaps that cannot be explained by immigrant-native differences in characteristics. Our findings confirm that institutional and policy contexts play a significant role in immigrant integration, and highlight the importance of tailoring policy approaches with regard to the causes of immigrant-native gaps.

Theoretical arguments and previous country-level evidence indicate that immigrants are more fluid than natives in responding to changing labor shortages across countries, skill-groups or industries. The diversity across EU member states enables us to test this hypothesis across various institutional, economic and policy contexts. Drawing on the EU LFS and EU SILC datasets we study the relationship between residual wage premia as a measure of labor shortages in different skill-industry-country cells and the shares of migrants and natives working in these cells. We find that immigrants' responsiveness to labor market shortages exceeds that of natives in the EU15, in particular in member states with higher unemployment rates, higher levels of (recent) immigration, and more open immigration and integration policies; but also those with barriers to citizenship acquisition or family reunification. Whereas higher welfare expenditures seem to exert a lock-in effect, a comparison across different types of welfare states indicates that institutional complementarities neutralize that effect.

This paper examines factors contributing to the successful labour market reintegration of return migrants to Slovakia in 2015. We use data from a web survey to study the relative importance of migration and return motivations, labour market factors and personal characteristics in explaining the success or failure of post-return labour market integration. We find that migration purpose and the preparedness of returnees affect reintegration prospects more than labour market factors. Those migrants who returned after having fulfilled goals defined at the outset of migration had significantly higher chances of rei n-tegrating successfully. Returnees' expectations in terms of employment opportunities and wage levels might hamper employment prospects after return. Our work calls for further research to better understand the interrelated nature of migration motivations, return motivations and post-return labour market outcomes.

This paper examines factors contributing to the successful labour market reintegration of return migrants to Slovakia in 2015. We use data from a web survey to study the relative importance of migration and return motivations, labour market factors and personal characteristics in explaining the success or failure of post-return labour market integration. We find that migration purpose and the preparedness of returnees affect reintegration prospects more than labour market factors. Those migrants who returned after having fulfilled goals defined at the outset of migration had significantly higher chances of rei n-tegrating successfully. Returnees' expectations in terms of employment opportunities and wage levels might hamper employment prospects after return. Our work calls for further research to better understand the interrelated nature of migration motivations, return motivations and post-return labour market outcomes.

This paper examines factors contributing to the successful labour market reintegration of return migrants to Slovakia in 2015. We use data from a web survey to study the relative importance of migration and return motivations, labour market factors and personal characteristics in explaining the success or failure of post-return labour market integration. We find that migration purpose and the preparedness of returnees affect reintegration prospects more than labour market factors. Those migrants who returned after having fulfilled goals defined at the outset of migration had significantly higher chances of rei n-tegrating successfully. Returnees' expectations in terms of employment opportunities and wage levels might hamper employment prospects after return. Our work calls for further research to better understand the interrelated nature of migration motivations, return motivations and post-return labour market outcomes.

This paper concisely reviews what we know about the experience of an enlarging European Union with free movement of workers within its borders. We focus on the two most recent, Eastern, enlargement waves of 2004 and 2007. We first assess the actual migration flows following the enlargements against the pre-enlargement expectations and perceptions. We then review the effects of these flows on the labor markets of receiving as well as sending countries. We conclude that the available evidence does not indicate negative effects on the receiving countries' labor markets or welfare systems. From the sending countries' perspective the risks of out-migration lie in skill shortages in affected occupations or sectors as well as the potential (in)stability of their public finances, whereas the potential benefits may materialize through brain circulation. Overall, free mobility can be described as one of the key achievements, and success stories, of European integration.