Suchergebnisse

Combat airpower is best suited for limited conflict. Primacy must be given to 'air power' and 'naval power' especially in a limited war over projection of 'land power' resources. In fact, during most of the low-intensity conflicts, aerial reconnaissance missions are launched much before the first contact battle. Airpower with its unique traits and modern-day weapons can target the intended jugular vein of the enemy with pinpoint accuracy without any large-scale collateral damage. With careful selection of targets, weapons, and platforms, low-intensity conflict operations can be terminated early by using offensive airpower. In the Indian context, since the inception of the IAF, airpower has been utilized in all low-intensity as well as full-scale wars barring the exception of the 1962 Sino-India conflict. From counter-insurgency operations in Waziristan to the Kargil operation, airpower has proved its efficacy beyond any doubts. Meanwhile, one can notice that there was no escalation of the scale of battle, solely because of the use of airpower. Though there is a school of thought in India, which believes that the use of offensive elements of airpower escalates the scale of battle, there is very little factual, historical or statistical information behind it. Airpower, being the most suited force for rapid action, has to be a part of the response in limited conflicts. The Indian doctrine on low-intensity conflict can be drawn around the primacy of offensive airpower.

We investigate spacing statistics for ensembles of various real random matrices where the matrix-elements have various Probability Distribution Function (PDF: <em>f(x)</em>) including Gaussian. For two modifications of 2 × 2 matrices with various PDFs, we derive the spacing distributions <em>p(s)</em> of adjacent energy eigenvalues. Nevertheless, they show the linear level repulsion near s = 0 as <em>αs</em> where <em>α</em> depends on the choice of the PDF. More interestingly when <em>f</em>(<em>x</em>) = <em>xe</em>^−x² (<em>f</em>(0) = 0), we get cubic level repulsion near s = 0: <em>p(s)</em> ~ s³e^−s².We also derive the distribution of eigenvalues <em>D</em>(ε) for these matrices.

Front Cover -- Sustainable Biorefining of Woody Biomass to Biofuels and Biochemicals -- Sustainable Biorefining of Woody Biomass to Biofuels and BiochemicalsApplied Biotechnology Reviews SeriesEdited byDeepak Ku ... -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 - Chemical aspects of the composite structure of wood and its recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Trees as a renewable resource for biorefineries -- 1.3 Formation of the wood cell wall matrix and effects on EH -- 1.3.1 Cell diversity and cell development (xylogenesis) in wood -- 1.4 Cellulose -- 1.4.1 Structure and function -- 1.4.2 Cellulose biosynthesis -- 1.4.3 Effects of cellulose on wood recalcitrance -- 1.5 Hemicelluloses -- 1.5.1 Structure, function, and content -- 1.5.2 Xylans -- 1.5.2.1 Glucoronoxylans in HWs -- 1.5.2.2 Arabinoglucuronoxylans in SWs -- 1.5.3 (Galacto)glucomannans -- 1.5.3.1 Glucomannans in HWs -- 1.5.3.2 Galactoglucomannans in SWs -- 1.5.4 Effects of hemicelluloses on wood recalcitrance -- 1.5.5 Genetic manipulation of hemicelluloses to reduce recalcitrance -- 1.6 Lignin -- 1.6.1 Structure, function, and biosynthesis -- 1.6.2 Effects of lignin on wood recalcitrance -- 1.6.3 Lignin genetic modifications to reduce recalcitrance -- 1.7 Lignin-carbohydrate complexes -- 1.7.1 Structure and formation -- 1.7.2 Effect of pretreatment on LC linkages -- 1.7.3 Effects of LCCs on wood recalcitrance -- 1.7.4 Valorization of LCCs in a modern biorefinery -- 1.8 Conclusion -- References -- 2 - The development of harvesting systems in woody biomass supply chains: A case study of short rotation woody crops -- 2.1 Woody crop biomass supply and characteristics -- 2.2 SRWC harvester development in the US -- 2.3 SRWC harvesting system: New Holland FR9000 forage harvester and 130FB SRC woody crop header.

Raw materials are scarce and are exponentially depleting. Material usage and product disposal both lead to improvidence of raw ingredients for products. We use materials for manufacturing new products while simultaneously throwing away used non-biodegradable products which pollute the environment. The world of designing and manufacturing needs to use new material(s) which can be selected using the methodology proposed in the research text. To select the best material for a product, its environmental impact, cost and properties that decide the quality of a product are plotted in a 3 dimensional space. Now the threshold limit of quality defining properties is obtained through experimentation. Cutoff cost is decided through market research and then environmental impact is minimized. The material beyond the cutoff planes is rejected and the best among the remaining materials is selected. The product developed using this method for material selection will contain the negative environmental impact during manufacture, use and expenditure of used products and thus helping sustainable development.Keywords: Sustainability, Life Cycle Analysis, Material selection, Cost optimization, Environmental Repercussion, Mechanical properties

Purpose
This study presents a systematic review of "employee happiness" research from 1991–2023. In this way, this study aims to critically appraise the existing literature, and synthesize themes, thereby, paving a clearer understanding of the construct, along with providing the future research agenda.

Design/methodology/approach
By adopting a systematic approach, this study followed scientific procedures and rationales for systematic literature reviews for article selection. A total of 57 articles were finally chosen after a careful examination from 110 selected journals.

Findings
The current study identified three major themes after evaluating the selected literature on Employee happiness: (1) work, family and personal blend, (2) organizational support, and (3) Ebullience sentiment. Amidst an ambiguous usage of several related constructs in employee happiness research, the review provided a clear definition of "employee happiness" along with proposing crucial research directions.

Originality/value
There is a lack of systematic reviews on employee happiness in the existing literature. Thus, by far, this effort is one of the earliest endeavors that researchers undertook toward understanding employee happiness.