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This study shows that in the past decades retailing in Germany experienced profound changes in the supply structure combined with massive shifts in shops' locations. Until the end of the 1950s the locational structure was decisively influenced by the spatial distribution of demand. Changes in demand, especially due to consumers' increased mobility, gave retail businesses a relatively free choice of locations. In more recent decades spatial development was mainly determined by changes in the types of retailing and their typical locational preferences. During this period, new non-integrated shopping locations developed and there were trends of thinning out in scattered locations and of a decrease in importance of the integrated subcentres. Since these shifts have adversely affected the centres' structure and have conflicted with social and political goals, planners and politicians have increasingly taken account of spatial development in retailing. They try to minimise the negative effects of the restructuring.

Despite being the third largest industrial agglomeration in the world before World War II, Berlin was faced with an economic void after the partition and reunification of the city with many abandoned and alienated commercial and industrial spaces in a compact urban fabric. What has happened with this commercial and industrial heritage over the last 30 years? The main rationale behind this article is to show how Berlin planned and developed some of these spaces through the Zukunftsorte strategy by preserving its historical sites and modernizing its commercial and industrial base. As part of this undertaking, the article combines insights from urban planning and regional innovation studies. Methodologically, a two-step approach is applied: First, the article conducts an analysis of fundamental planning frameworks and technology/innovation policy trajectories with regard to commercial and industrial spaces; second, a multiple-case study analysis of selected Zukunftsorte (Adlershof, Marzahn, Schöneberg, Siemensstadt) is carried out to test whether and to what extent those spaces are supported by planning frameworks and exhibit components of what we coined territorial ecosystem models. The data compiled stems from 15 years of work engaging in various planning and policy steering committees, individual or joint research projects, personal interviews with relevant stakeholders, and regular field observations. The findings suggest that Berlin's strategies towards commercial and industrial spaces need to integrate highly contextual approaches since size, progress, operation, means, and timelines of Zukunftsorte vary substantially. Whereas Adlershof is a well-functioning network of business, academia, planners, and policymakers with preliminary attempts to embed those stakeholders in residential neighborhoods and the European Energy Forum in Schöneberg - which can be described as a miniature living lab of Adlershof - the other investigated Zukunftsorte do not yet deserve to carry this name.

The innovation process is characterized by interactive learning involving multiple entities (Lundvall 1988). The flow and exchange of information and knowledge spurs R&D activities and innovation enhancing regions' economic growth and competitiveness. Being aware of this process, government policies aim to stimulate and even plan inter-organizational interaction (Ibert 2010; Hewitt-Dundas 2011). In this respect, science parks have become prominent instruments of government infrastructure support to promote business-to-science relationships based on geographical proximity. Universities as sources of knowledge play a major role in science parks and in regions in general. They primarily contribute to the regional economy's competitiveness and innovativeness by providing access to new scientitifc knowledge, developing solutions for specific problems and by offering access to skilled talent and equipment, as well as research techniques (Hewitt-Dundas 2011). The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the role of universities in two science parks in Berlin and Seville and their contribution to localized interactive innovation processes. Both case studies provide similarities in their development process, although, as we shall see later, distinct conceptual framework conditions regarding business-to-university linkages differ. In the case of science parks, the literature predominantly stresses the great significance of geographical proximity. In this chapter, however, we focus on the discussion of the multidimensional character of proximity – integrating 'relational proximity' to the strict geographical interpretation of proximity. Thus, we aim to add further aspects to the 'soft architecture of learning' (Thune 2009: 9) within the regional and science park-related network of university-industry-government relations ('Triple Helix') (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff 2000: 109). Finally, we make some proposals for policy implications regarding how to more successfully stimulate business-to-university linkages and associated localized innovation processes in science parks in particular, as well as in regions.

Eine kompakte und funktional durchmischte Stadt wird als urbanes Modell wieder angestrebt und das Leitbild "Stadt der kurzen Wege" ist ein Ausdruck dieses Ansatzes. Die Motivation für die Entwicklung des Leitbildes hängt eng mit Raumstrukturen, die in der Suburbanisierungsphase entstanden sind, und ihren Effekten (z.B. Flächenverbrauch, Anstieg von Verkehrs- und Umweltbelastungen) zusammen. Die Beiträge untersuchen Alltagsmobilität in den Bereichen Einkaufen, Freizeit, Wohnumfeld und Wohnmobilität in unterschiedlichen Quartierstypen Berlins. Auf der Basis umfangreicher quantitativer und qualitativer Befragungen wird untersucht, inwiefern das Mobilitätsverhalten der Bewohner mit dem Planungsleitbild einer Stadt der kurzen Wege konform geht.