Suchergebnisse

AbstractWe aimed to quantify spray drift-based exposure of fruits and vegetables grown in gardens or allotments next to agricultural areas to plant protection products (PPP). The amount of spray drift transported into gardens during the treatment of tall growing crops or field crops was simulated. Two different test systems in an outdoor wind tunnel were used, approximating conditions for the application to both crop types. For the experiments, strawberries, tomatoes and lettuce were used representing non-target food crops in gardens. After spraying, distance-related residues of the tracer pyranine were measured on the three food crops positioned 1–15 m downwind in the non-target area. Additionally, petri dishes were placed in front of the food crops to measure the ground deposition concurrently. For both scenarios, good correlation of residues on the non-target food crops and the ground deposition was found (linear regression model, R2 = 0.88–0.97). But unlike the field crops scenario, the experimental setup of the tall growing crops shows large deviations from the field situation, not allowing the transfer of the results to the field situation. The results of the wind tunnel experiments and of field trials on ground deposition were used to estimate the amount of PPP residues on food crops cultivated near agricultural fields. For example, application of a pesticide (1.3 kg active ingredient per ha−1) to field crops was estimated to result in residue levels of 0.39 mg kg−1 on lettuce, 0.32 mg kg−1 on strawberries, and 0.06 mg kg−1 on tomatoes cultivated 5 m from the field, thus indicating an exceedance of the default maximum residue level (MRL) (0.01 mg kg−1). Therefore, further in-depth studies are required to broaden the range of non-target crops and to refine the tall growing crop scenario to allow estimations of spray drift-based residues.

AbstractAerial transport of pesticides during and after their application both over medium range distances and long distance may lead to residues on plants and soil far away from agricultural treatments. Therefore, the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety carried out a Germany-wide geographical analysis to identify monitoring sites which could be used for a representative German-wide monitoring. The identified sites reflect climate areas with different meteorological conditions, land coverage and pesticide use. By using a geographical information system, five different areas were identified representing the climatic and agricultural conditions of pesticide use in Germany. Since the required measuring technique needed a certain infrastructure, using already existing measuring sides was considered to be most efficient in order to use them for a German-wide monitoring. In a second step, agro-meteorological weather stations with distances of < 100 m, 100–1000 m and > 1 km in the main wind direction from treated fields were identified within these areas. The identified areas reflect the main different conditions for aerial pesticide transport along with suitable weather stations to monitor pesticide residues in the air and its deposition on plants and soil all over Germany.

Im Projekt wurde das Konzept GERDA (GEobased Runoff, Erosion, and Drainage risk Assessment for Germany) entwickelt, mit dem zukünftig im Zulassungsverfahren von Pflanzenschutzmitteln (PSM) in Deutschland die Exposition von Oberflächengewässern durch Wirkstoff-Einträge über Runoff und Erosion, Drainage, Abdrift und atmosphärischen Transport bewertet werden kann. Zentrales Element in GERDA bildet die statistisch fundierte, Perzentil-basierte Auswahl der Boden-Klima-Szenarien, mit denen mittels der Modelle PRZM und MACRO (als Bestandteil von GERDA) die Expositionsabschätzung für einen Wirkstoff im Rahmen der Zulassungsprüfung durchgeführt wird. Die mit GERDA ermittelten PECs (Predicted Environmental Concentrations) liegen für verschiedene Wirkstoffe im Bereich des 83. bis 93. Perzentils, bezogen auf die räumlich-zeitliche Grundgesamtheit der rd. 132.000 km² potenziellen PSM-Applikationsfläche in Deutschland und der Wetterzeitreihe 1982–2011. Zur Anwendung im Zulassungsverfahren wurde das Softwaretool GERDA v.1 entwickelt.Vergleichsrechnungen für 13 Beispielsubstanzen mit GERDA und dem derzeit verwendeten Modell Exposit zeigen die bedeutende Relevanz der Eintragspafde Runoff und Erosion im Vergleich zu Spraydrift und Drainage. Die Expositionsabschätzung für Oberflächengewässer in Deutschland mit GERDA führt häufig zu strengeren Risikomanagementmaßnahmen im Vergleich zum derzeit verwendeten Modell EXPOSIT. Der Bericht umfasst weiterhin die methodischen Grundlagen der Entwicklung von Boden-Klima-Szenarien spezifisch für Deutschland, eine Schwachstellenanalyse des FOCUS-Ansatzes zur Expositionsabschätzung sowie die Analyse des Modells VFSMOD als Option zur Risikominderung durch Filterstreifen im Zulassungsverfahren.