Suchergebnisse

The principal objective of this paper is to conduct a log‐linear analysis of patterns of childlessness among Catholic and non‐Catholic women in the United States. We address this issue by examining white women between the ages of thirty‐five and forty‐four, ascertaining whether they are voluntarily, involuntarily, or temporarily childless or childed.Given the long‐standing emphasis of the Catholic Church regarding the importance of children in marriage and the family, an emphasis which was not reversed during the Second Vatican Council, we suggest that even after controlling for religious activity and educational attainment, Catholic women should be less disposed than non‐Catholic women to choose voluntarily to have no children. We review various aspects of Church doctrine leading to such an hypothesis.Our results do not suggest an "end" to Catholic‐non‐Catholic differentials in childlessness. Catholic women between the ages of thirty‐five and forty‐four in 1976 were very far apart from non‐Catholic women with respect to the voluntary decision to have no children. And they are also very different from non‐Catholic women regarding patterns of involuntary childlessness. These differential patterns of voluntary and involuntary childlessness are discussed and analyzed.

SummaryThis paper examines rates of marital childlessness in the developing countries of the world and separates them into voluntary, involuntary and related components through a decision-tree model based on fecundity, contraceptive behaviour, pregnancy status, age, years married, and other variables. The principal data are taken from World Fertility Surveys. The conclusion is reached that virtually all of the permanent childlessness in the developing countries examined is involuntary.

We compared several procedures designed to modify consumer food purchases with the objectives of reducing fat and increasing carbohydrate content, and reducing dollar expenditures on food. Participants were 126 volunteer community households which, after a 7-week baseline period, were randomly assigned to video-modeling, video-modeling-feedback, video-lecture, video-lecture-feedback, participant-modeling, video-modeling-discussion, and control conditions. The main dependent measure was a weekly record of food purchases, convertible to percentages of nutrients and dollar expenditures. Results indicated that modeling-feedback and participant-modeling procedures were most effective (e.g., 6% reduction of total fat consumption, 19% dollar savings). Strategies to refine and automate modeling and feedback in supermarkets that may benefit consumers, corporations, and government are discussed.

Purpose: To examine the influence of a tobacco-free hospital campus (TFHC) policy on employee smoking behavior. Design: Questionnaires immediately prior to, 6 months after, and 1 year after implementation of a TFHC policy. Setting: University-affiliated hospital system. Subjects: A cohort of smokers and recent quitters. Measures: Smoking status, quit attempts, influence of TFHC policy. Analysis: Descriptive. Results: From 2024 employees who responded to an initial online survey prior to implementation of a TFHC policy, 307 respondents reported either current smoking or quitting smoking within the past 6 months. Of these, 210 (68%) agreed to follow-up surveys at 6 and 12 months post-policy implementation. At each of the three times, between 15% and 18.5% of the cohort reported not smoking, with at least 48% of those not smoking reporting 6 to 12 months continuous abstinence. Sixty percent or more of those who reported quit attempts or not smoking indicated that the TFHC policy was influential in their efforts. Conclusions: A TFHC policy may lead to increased employee smoking quit attempts and successful cessation. Health care facilities should broaden smoking restrictions to include the entire workplace campus, not only to reduce exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, but also to increase tobacco cessation.