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During the last decade, the challenges of an ageing society became focus for extensive scientific, public and political discussions. From discussions in scientific fora within each discipline, there is now a shift towards cross-disciplinary scientific approaches. The aim of this article is therefore, to collect and describe different scientific viewpoints in this regard and to point out research gaps to be addressed in the future. The article is based on a number of review articles and keynote lectures given by the author, and complemented with informal interviews of experts from different scientific fields engaged in the field of technology and ageing. Results show that research has emerged from being technology-focussed to scenario-based taking different scientific perspectives into account. However, the biggest challenge still is to accommodate the need for a holistic integrated service which means to provide personalised services and adapt technology and content to individual needs of different stakeholders. Further, cross-disciplinary research is needed that relates informatics and technology to different stages of the aging process and that evaluates the effects of proposed technical solutions.

Bibliography: pages 226-230. ; The problem of artistic endeavour and recognition of creative imaginative writing at a time of revolutionary scientific and industrial activity, brings into focus the re-evaluation of the artist during intense economic development. The intellectual crisis of the artist in Germany, 1870-1895, is strongly influenced by the emphasis on financial success and scientific observation. This emphasis is linked to the new aesthetic and artistic expectations, which are influenced by the political and social reality of the industrial age. Naturalism is characterised by an abundance of theoretical literature; Arno Holz is regarded as the greatest of the theorists and his work Papa Hamlet, written together with Johannes Schlaf, is an attempt to combine theoretical consideratiohs with the "new" art. This thesis critically examines Papa Hamlet against the background of social, political and economic change. The investigation into four major areas includes firstly the intellectual crisis in relation to the "Grunderzeit"; the sentimental art of this period is strongly rejected as it in no way reflects the reality of the industrial age. It is vitally important for the artists to be seen as modern, reflecting the truth of the age in which they write. This truth requires the work of art to be as close a reproduction of nature, of real life, as possible. Attention to detail becomes vital and leads Arno Holz to the "Sekundenstil." Secondly, this thesis confronts Papa Hamlet with theoretical background as defined by Arno Holz. Thirdly the attempt made by Holz and Schlaf not to interfere as authors between the piece of prose and the reader, leads to the question of prose versus drama. The investigation leads also into the problem of the lower middle class artist who is confronted by economic difficulties and finds himself threatened by the working class. Thienwiebel's perseverance as "Hamlet", symbolic of an art no longer acceptable, brings a discussion on the traditional German "Bildungsroman". Finally, Arno Holz maintains that Art can only be revolutionised if language is revolutionised; these claims are examined in Papa Hamlet. It is my contention that the artist's claim of being democratic is strongly to be questioned as Papa Hamlet can only be really appreciated by readers who have studied Hamlet by Shakespeare. The greatest achievement by the Naturalists lies in questioning existing values; scientific observation and creative spirit. The Art of Arno Holz, in particular the "Sekundenstil", may be seen to be the· forerunner of Expressionism, Surrealism and Dadaism.

A laboratory study and a field study (N = 168) investigated evaluative affect display (EAD), that is nonverbal evaluative reactions, toward leaders in small, face-to-face groups. Butler and Geis had found that female leaders received more negative affect than did male leaders, whereas both groups were judged equally competent on rating scales. Study 1 replicated their findings with a more economic coding method and improved methodological control. Study 2 examined EAD in routine meetings of real teams in different organizational field settings. Results suggest that EAD is a reliably observable phenomenon in field and laboratory settings. Generally, more negative affect was displayed toward female leaders across contexts. By contrast, there was no preference for men over women in competence ratings on scales.

In zwei Projekten an der Universität Heidelberg setzten wir exemplarisch die Videoanalysesoftware THEME (MAGNUSSON, 1997) ein, um Muster im Interaktionsverhalten von aufgabenorientierten Kleingruppen zu erfassen. Zum Einen in einem kognitionswissenschaftlich orientierten Projekt aus der Instruktionspsychologie, in dem kooperative Prozesse des Wissenserwerbs in Kleingruppen beim problembasierten Lernen (PBL) erforscht werden (z.B. ZUMBACH & REIMANN, 2000). Im Rahmen des qualitativen Teils der Analyse eines Experiments zum Lernen in Kleingruppen, zeigte sich hier eine deutliche Veränderung des Komplexitätsgrades der Interaktionsmuster einer Lerngruppe vor und nach einer individuellen Lernphase. Zum anderen führten wir eine Musteranalyse in dem interdisziplinären DFG-Projekt "Die kommunikative Konstruktion von Geschlecht in beruflichen Settings" (Schwerpunktprogramm "Professionalisierung – Organisation – Geschlecht") durch, in dem wir kommunikative Prozesse der Geschlechterkonstruktion am Arbeitsplatz mit überwiegend qualitativen Methoden aus Psychologie und Linguistik untersuchen (KOCH, KRUSE, KUBAT & THIMM, 2001). Die Datenbasis bilden dabei 20 Teamsitzungen in gleichgeschlechtlichen und gemischtgeschlechtlichen Arbeitsteams, deren verbales und nonverbales Gesprächsverhalten in Hinblick auf Geschlechterkonstruktionsprozesse untersucht werden. Dabei stehen kontroll- und unterstützungsbezogene Verhaltensmuster sowie Verhaltensqualitäten im Vordergrund des Interesses. Die audiovisuellen Aufzeichnungen aus beiden Projekten werden derzeit mit der Videoanalyse-Software THEME ausgewertet. THEME, von Magnus S. MAGNUSSON an der Universität Reykjavik entwickelt, bietet als multimediale Mustererkennungs-Software die Möglichkeit, Verhaltensmuster über beliebige Zeiträume hinweg aufzufinden, die nicht leicht mit bloßem Auge entdeckt werden können. Das Programm sucht auf der Basis der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie codebasiert nach sich wiederholenden syntaktischen Echtzeit-Mustern, unabhängig von der Einheit des zu beobachtenden Verhaltens. In diesem Artikel möchten wir die Arbeit mit THEME an zwei exemplarischen Auswertungsprozessen vorstellen und darüber hinaus, einen Ausblick auf das Potential dieses Werkzeuges im Bereich verbaler und nonverbaler Kommunikationsforschung innerhalb der Sozial- und Verhaltenswissenschaften geben.