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AbstractMixed administration and collective leadership bear little resemblance to American concept.

Twenty-four people learned three versions of a room-sized maze: a wire-frame desktop virtual environment (VE), a normal surface-rendered desktop VE, and a real-world maze. Differences among the mental representations formed from each environment were measured with pointing and distance estimation tasks in a real-world version of each maze. People were more accurate at pointing after having learned the real and wire-frame VE maze than the surface-rendered VE maze; however, this effect was small compared with the effect of individual differences. Differences in gender, spatial ability, and prior computer experience were significantly related to the ability to acquire spatial information from the desktop VE. There was a high correlation between spatial knowledge when it was measured in the VE and spatial knowledge measured in the real world. Actual or potential applications include the design of effective VE training systems

A paradigm shift is taking place in spatial segregation research. At the heart of this shift is the understanding of the connectedness of spatial segregation in different life domains and the availability of new datasets that allow for more detailed studies on these connections. In this thematic issue on spatial underpinnings of social inequalities we will outline the foundations of the 'vicious circles of segregation' framework to shed new light on questions such as: What is the role of residential neighbourhoods in urban inequalities in contemporary cities? Have residential neighbourhoods lost their importance in structuring daily lives since important part of social interaction takes place elsewhere? How is residential segregation related to inequalities in other important life domains, in schools, at work and during leisure time? The vicious circles of segregation framework builds on the traditional approaches to spatial segregation, as well as on the emerging new research undertaken within the 'activity space approach' and 'longitudinal approach' to segregation. The articles in this thematic issue improve our understanding of how spatial segregation is transmitted from one life domain to another as people sort into residential neighbourhoods, schools, workplace and leisure time activity sites, and gain contextual effects by getting exposed to and interacting with other people in them.

Chapter One: Introduction -- Chapter Two: Data and Analytic Approach -- Chapter Three: Analysis of Army Waivers -- Chapter Four: Assessment of the Army's Marijuana Waiver Policy -- Chapter Five: Assessment of the Army's Behavioral Health Waiver Policies -- Chapter Six: Mitigating a Higher Likelihood of Adverse Outcomes -- Chapter Seven: Implications and Recommendations for the Army -- Appendix A: U.S. Army Waiver Codes -- Appendix B: Descriptive Statistics and Regression Results -- Appendix C: Recruit Selection Tool Results with Increasing the Share of Older and AFQT Category I-IIIA Recruits -- Appendix D: Marijuana Legalization and Use and Their Effects on Health Risks, Behavior, and Performance -- Appendix E: Trends in ADHD, Depression, and Anxiety Disorders.

Introduction -- Review of Factors Affecting Recruiting Difficulty -- Conceptual Model -- Data -- Optimizing the Forecast Model -- Forecast of Army Recruiting Difficulty -- Recommendations for Leveraging Recruiting Difficulty Index Forecasts -- Summary and Conclusions -- Appendix A: Model Specification and Estimated Parameters -- Appendix B: Detailed Discussion of Data Sources -- Appendix C: Instructions for Incorporating New Data and Making Forecasts.