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AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the effects of promotion focus on the relationship between high mate value discrepancy (MVD) and marital satisfaction and alternative monitoring behavior.BackgroundMuch research has documented the detrimental effects of MVD on marriage. Nevertheless, little work has been devoted to investigating the individual differences within the negative relationship between MVD and marital outcomes.MethodIn all, 700 Korean participants (350 men and 350 women) were recruited for an online survey. The moderating effects of promotion focus on the relationship between MVD and (a) marital satisfaction and (b) alternative monitoring were tested. We computed MVD with three methodologies: absolute difference, weighted difference, and residual score.ResultsWhen confronted with a high MVD, highly promotion‐focused individuals were shown to maintain a more satisfactory marriage than did those low in promotion focus. At the same time, however, highly promotion‐focused individuals showed a greater tendency to engage in alternative monitoring behavior under high MVD.ConclusionPromotion focus could buffer the negative effects of MVD on marital satisfaction, but it could also exacerbate the detrimental effects of MVD on alternative monitoring behavior.ImplicationsUnderstanding one of the underlying reasons on seeking alternative romantic partners and how individuals differ in their chronic ways to be motivated can help counselors and family practitioners. The information helps tailor strategies to meet specific goals and directions that individuals have. This may, therefore, better guide couples to adjust their marital lives.

Purpose
This paper aims to review the current joint master's program between two international institutions in the USA and Costa Rica; to identify students' perceptions and experiences with the sustainability house (SH); and to apply these experiences in an effort to improve the practical learning environment for future students.


Design/methodology/approach
In an effort to understand student outcomes provided by the SH, an in-depth literature review on practical learning environments and interview methods were applied. The following open-ended questions were asked in an effort to gather and consolidate student experiences with the SH. What are your experiences in/with SH? Please tell us briefly about your experiences. The language has been adjusted and interviewers answered questions and made clarifications if asked to. Master's in international sustainable tourism (MIST) program students were selected for this study. Participants' responses were recorded using the computer-assisted personal interviewing technique.


Findings
The most important characteristic students recognized about the SH is that it "provided us a safe place to fail". One student described SH as "[…] a safe space where students can gain experiences of learning new processes firsthand without external pressures (e.g., on-the-job training, eventuation, and financial analysis)". The safety attribute of the SH environment is considered as a comfortable place to learn from other classmates or visitors (mostly volunteers and interns). It is a "real" hospitality and tourism business-learning center, which is a great benefit to the students not only because of its environment but also because of the diversity among student's educational and professional backgrounds.


Research limitations/implications
The primary limitations of this study need to be addressed. The number of interviews was very limited with one year data which could affect the generalizability of this study. In addition, it was not clearly explained to the student what rubrics and standardized metrics were used during interview process; after interview, students were asked to provide a better way to improve the research outcomes. For further studies, it is strongly recommended to provide the direction to make sure it applies to the conditions that are prevalent in the existing site to be examined.


Practical implications
Both strategies that link the SH to this MIST program have significant merit. Students implementing best practices in the courses have clearly identified the challenges of implementation, but all agree that there is tremendous value in the experiences they have received during their studies. Furthermore, using the SH as an engagement tool has motivated students to consciously interactive and collaborative in a more proactive manner.


Originality/value
This unique experience and operational competency at the SH provides participants with an in-depth understanding of the context and challenges of sustainability but needs to be detailed and promoted more in the future. The SH is facilitating a learning environment among not only students but also faculty and staff. The results clearly indicated that the SH has influenced sustainable behaviors by promoting interactive engagement.

We hypothesized that that the summation or axial slab average intensity projection (AIP) techniques can substitute for the primary reconstruction (PR) from a raw projection data for abdominal applications. To compare with PR datasets (5-mm thick, 20% overlap) in 150 abdominal studies, corresponding summation and AIP datasets were calculated from 2-mm thick images (50% overlap). The root-mean-square error between PR and summation images was significantly greater than that between PR and AIP images (9.55 [median] vs. 7.12, p < 0.0001, Wilcoxon signed-ranks test). Four radiologists independently compared 2,000 test images (PR [as control], summation, or AIP) and their corresponding PR images to prove that the identicalness of summation or AIP images to PR images was not 1% less than the assessed identicalness of PR images to themselves (Wald-type test for clustered matched-pair data in a non-inferiority design). For each reader, both summation and AIP images were not inferior to PR images in terms of being rated identical to PR (p < 0.05). Although summation and AIP techniques produce images that differ from PR images, these differences are not easily perceived by radiologists. Thus, the summation or AIP techniques can substitute for PR for the primary interpretation of abdominal CT. ; This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD) (KRFABDOMINAL THIN-SECTION CT DATASETS 431 2006-311-D00168).