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Many studies on u.s.-Korea relations describe the bilateral interactions to 1905 and the restored diplomatic relations after Korea's liberation in 1945. This study focuses instead on the interwar years proceeding from the premise that American understandings of colonial Korea are important to grasp u.s. wartime planning for Korea's future. It explores unofficial levels of interactions, representations, and perceptions of Japan and the United States regarding colonial Korea. On one hand, American writers and professionals portrayed Korea as a developing country needing critical help from Japanese colonizers that coincided with imperial imperatives. On the other hand, professional scholars and u.s. government officials began to look at Japan's rule in Korea from a more critical perspective, observing problems with Japanese rule in Korea in economic, political, and social affairs. u.s. officials posted in Korea, in particular, saw how Koreans were suffering from Japan's discrimination and harsh rule. This repressive colonial rule was creating appeal for communism among the Korean people. u.s. officials began to doubt the feasibility of Japan's pan-Asian doctrine, questioning if it could be a successful ruler. These varied American views of colonial Korea became the basis of u.s. policy toward post-colonial Korea after 1945.

Across the world, an increasing number of states or state representatives have offered apologies for human rights violations, particularly since the 1990s. There is debate, however, on how valuable such gestures are and what impact they have. To address this, we examined what the perspectives of victim community members and the general public are in this regard, in different parts of the world. We focused on the apologies for the El Mozote massacre in El Salvador, the Jeju 4.3 events in the Republic of Korea, and Bloody Sunday in the United Kingdom, whereby we conducted 127 in-depth interviews with members of victim communities and the general public in these countries. Using thematic analysis, we found across these three countries that participants from the victim group and the general public saw the apology as a meaningful event because it acknowledges the suffering of the victims and breaks the silence about past atrocities. This suggests that apologies may answer to a broadly shared need for recognition. Nevertheless, the apologies were also regarded as limited in terms of their overall role in reconciliation processes and the further changes that they generate. The article concludes by discussing this ambivalence, present in both the apology literature as among our participants' responses across the world.

Purpose: Stakeholder engagement and community-engaged research (CEnR) are recognized as approaches necessary to promote health equity. Few studies have examined variations in stakeholder perspec­tives on research ethics despite the potential for meaningful differences. Our study exam­ines the association between stakeholders' characteristics and their perception of the importance of 15 stakeholder-developed CEnR ethical statements.Design: Quantitative analysis of close-end­ed Delphi survey.Participants: We recruited a national, non-random, purposive sample of people who were eligible if they endorsed conducting CEnR in public health or biomedical fields. Participants were recruited from publicly available information, professional email distributions, and snowball sampling.Main Outcome Measures: We designed our close-ended Delphi survey from the results of 15 CEnR ethical statements, which were developed from a consensus develop­ment workshop with academic and com­munity stakeholders.Results: 259 participants completed the Delphi survey. The results demonstrated that stakeholders' characteristics (affiliation, ethnicity, number of CEnR relationships, and duration of CEnR partnerships) were not associated with their perception of the importance of 15 ethical statements.Conclusions: The strong agreement among stakeholders on these broad, aspirational ethical statements can help guide partner­ships toward ethical decisions and actions. Continued research about variability among stakeholders' ethics perspectives is needed to bolster the capacity of CEnR to contribute to health equity.Ethn Dis. 2019;29(2):309- 316. doi:10.18865/ed.29.2.309

Political apologies have been theorized to play an important role in healing and reconciliation processes in post‐conflict settings. Whether they actually fulfil this function, however, remains unclear as the voices and perspectives of victim communities have largely been underrepresented in research. To address this, we examined the role of apologies that were offered for the El Mozote massacre (El Salvador), the Jeju 4.3 massacres (Republic of Korea) and Bloody Sunday (United Kingdom), according to members of these communities and the broader public. Although we anticipated that victim community members should find the apology more valuable and meaningful and should, therefore, be more positive about its role in healing and reconciliation processes, we found that this varies across countries. This variation could be explained by people's trust in the country's institutions. Across the samples, we found that the apology was seen as a relatively important gesture. For the apology to be perceived as impactful, however, it had to be seen as a meaningful (i.e. sincere) gesture. Our findings suggest that apologies have a role to play in the aftermath of human rights violations, but that it is essential to take the broader context into account.