Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Purpose and Scope -- 1.3 Current Situation -- 1.4 Basic Definitions -- 1.5 Recommendations -- 1.5.1 Dose Assessments -- 1.5.2 Institutional Controls and Practices -- 1.5.3 Communications -- 2. Natural Background -- 2.1 Terrestrial Sources of NORM -- 2.1.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Various TENORM Sources -- 2.1.2 Mobilization and Deposition -- 2.1.3 Uranium -- 2.1.4 Radium -- 2.1.5 Thorium -- 2.2 Geology of NORM Radionuclides -- 2.2.1 Igneous Rocks -- 2.2.2 Sedimentary Rocks -- 2.3 Background NORM Concentrations -- 2.4 Sources of NORM and TENORM in Oil and Gas Production -- 3. Oil and Gas Operations that Generate TENORM -- 3.1 Historical Overview -- 3.1.1 Hydraulic Fracturing -- 3.1.2 Horizontal Drilling -- 3.2 Conventional Oil and Gas Sources of TENORM -- 3.3 Unconventional Oil and Gas Sources of TENORM -- 4. Historical and Current Regulatory Framework -- 4.1 Historical Framework -- 4.1.1 NCRP -- 4.1.2 Atomic Energy Act -- 4.1.3 Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act -- 4.1.4 ICRP -- 4.1.5 IAEA -- 4.2 Current U.S. Regulatory Framework -- 4.2.1 Safe Drinking Water Act -- 4.2.2 Radioactivity in Liquid Discharges -- 4.2.3 Remediation of TENORM Sites -- 4.2.4 Airborne Emissions of Radionuclides -- 4.2.5 Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 -- 4.2.6 Occupational Safety and Health Administration -- 4.2.7 U.S. Department of Transportation -- 4.2.8 U. S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard -- 4.2.9 Other National Standards Organizations -- 4.3 Regulations Applicable to Waste Disposal -- 4.4 State Regulations -- 5. Oil and Gas TENORM Management and Disposition Options -- 5.1 Oil and Gas Management of Solids Containing NORM/TENORM -- 5.1.1 Landfill Disposal as Nonhazardous or Special Waste.